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Principles of Microbial Electrochemical Technology and Its Application in the Recycling of Livestock and Poultry Wastes Kunhong JIANG, Zhenying XU, Zhenzhen GUO, Lin BAI, Xiaoxia HAO, Dongmei JIANG, Shixiu QIU Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (7): 210-222.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1053 Abstract （526）   HTML （6）    PDF （1655KB）（3335）       Knowledge map    Save The environment has been under great pressure as a consequence of the livestock waste discharged in the course of intensive production of livestock and poultry farming. By studying the elemental theory of respiratory metabolism， comprised of small molecule acid metabolism of Geobacter sulfurreducens， the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of Shewanella oneidensis， as well as extracellular electron transfer directly contacted and mediated by electrically conductive pili and electron shuttle substances， the central carbon metabolism pathway， basic extracellular electron transport process and main regulatory mechanisms of model electroactive microorganisms were examined. Owing to insights into the respiration and metabolism of electroactive bacteria， a variety of microbial electrochemical systems （MES） mainly based on microbial fuel cell， microbial electrolytic cell and electric-field-assisted aerobic compost had been developed and optimized. Not only MES were employed to reduce contents of hazardous substances including chemical oxygen demand， greenhouse gases， antibiotics and resistance genes， but they were also used to improve power generation efficiency， cathode high value-added products and humus contents of compost. The research progress of microbial electrochemical theory and thoroughly demonstrates the application of microbial electrochemical technology in the recycling of livestock and poultry waste were reviewed， so as to provide reference and theoretical foundation for the study of livestock waste utilization. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Frass After Organic Waste Transformation by Black Soldier Fly Jingwen QIANG, Wanqing WANG, Manyu TANG, Shuang WU, Wei HUA, Xinyue ZHU, Yanling CHENG Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (5): 158-167.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0931 Abstract （747）   HTML （15）    PDF （862KB）（2325）       Knowledge map    Save At present， the annual production of organic waste in our country is about 4.5 to 5.0 billion tons， if its improper treatment will have a negative effect on the atmosphere， water body， soil and other aspects， thus causing secondary pollution for the environment. Black soldier fly larvae can effectively decompose organic solid wastes and convert them into marketable products in line with the concept of circular economy， and the frass produced in this process can be used as organic agricultural fertilizers， thus promoting the transition from traditional economic development to ecological circular economic model. However， the nutrient of frass， the composition of microorganisms and bioactive compounds， the post-treatment requirements to improve the biostability of frass， and the mechanism of frass in soil and plant metabolism are still unclear. Therefore， in order to improve the resource utilization of organic waste and promote sustainable agricultural development， this paper emphasized the potential of organic waste transformation by the black soldier fly， summarized the characteristics of frass and its effects on plant growth， and focused on the current application of frass as plant fertilizer. The promoting effect of this product on the development of modern ecological agriculture was pointed out， and put forward some research problems to be solved in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Advances on Plant Root Exudates in Response to Cadmium Stress Xiang WU, Juan LI, Yan CAO, Yanrong CHENG, Xuyu YAN, Ling LI Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (7): 12-20.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0619 Abstract （740）   HTML （6）    PDF （530KB）（2265）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid development of industry and agriculture and the the casual discharge of waste， heavy metal pollution has been serious in farmland soil. Cadmium （Cd） pollution is more serious in heavy metal pollution. The technology of in situ remediation by hyperaccumulative plants is the main means to remediate cadmium and other heavy metal pollution. Root is the first part of plants to contact with heavy metals such as Cd. As an important carrier， root exudates can conduct material exchange and energy transfer between plants， soil and microorganisms， and it can effectively regulate the rhizosphere microenvironment， affect the behavior of heavy metals in the rhizosphere environment， ultimately affect the absorption and transport of heavy metals by plants， and then affect the growth and development of plants themselves. This paper briefly described the effects of Cd stress on plant growth and development， analyzed the response of different kinds of root exudates under Cd stress， as well as the effects of root exudates on soil physical and chemical properties， rhizosphere microorganisms， the accumulation and transport of Cd，and analyzed the expression of genes pathways related to cadmium stress. In addition， regarding heavy metal pollution， this paper looked forward to the research trend of root exudates in order to explore the response mechanism of plant root exudates to cadmium stress in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Meat Quality， Nutritional Components and Expression Characteristics of Meat Quality-related Genes in Tibetan Sheep at Different Altitudes Liangwei YAO, Yuzhu SHA, Xinyu GUO, Xiaoning PU, Ying XU, Jiqing WANG, Shaobin LI, Zhiyun HAO, Xiu LIU Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (3): 66-75.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0385 Abstract （723）   HTML （13）    PDF （1113KB）（2239）       Knowledge map    Save In order to study the difference of meat quality and the expression characteristics of meat quality-related genes in Tibetan sheep at different altitudes， the meat quality and nutritional components of longissimus dorsi， triceps brachii and biceps femoris of Tibetan sheep at altitude 2 500， 3 500 and 4 500 m were determined， and the expression levels of meat-related genes （H-FABP， LPL， MC4R and CAST） were determined and their correlations were analyzed. The results showed that the Tibetan sheep meat of low altitude had lower shearing force， lower water loss rate， higher tenderness and better taste， especially longissimus dorsi was better than the other 2 parts. The Tibetan sheep meat of high altitude had higher cooked meat rate and higher meat yield. The contents of mineral and crude protein in high altitude Tibetan sheep meat were higher， while the low altitude Tibetan sheep meat was more succulent. Compared with the two leg muscles， the longissimus dorsi had better taste. The expression levels of genes related to meat quality were differences among different altitudes. Among them， H-FABP had the highest expression levels in different muscles at mid-altitude， and LPL， MC4R and CAST had the highest expression levels in biceps femoris of Tibetan sheep at low altitude， and was higher in the longissimus dorsi of Tibetan sheep at middle and high altitude. The correlation analysis showed that the expression levels of H-FABP， LPL， MC4R and CAST genes were significantly correlated with cooked meat rate， shear stress， water loss rate， ash， crude fat， crude protein and dry matter in Tibetan sheep. It showed that the meat quality and nutritional components of Tibetan sheep at different altitudes were different， and the expression levels of meat-related genes in different parts were also different， which affected the meat quality of Tibetan sheep. Above results provided basis for meat selection and genetic improvement of Tibetan sheep at different altitudes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Review on Modeling and Simulation for Pesticide Spraying System Jiaqiang ZHENG, Huichun ZHANG, Youlin XU, Hongping ZHOU Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (3): 76-90.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0776 Abstract （570）   HTML （14）    PDF （2797KB）（2146）       Knowledge map    Save The effect of pesticide application is closely related to the pesticide spraying process. The modeling and simulation of pesticide spraying process can solve the difficulties in field experimental research caused by the difference of plant growth cycle， the different occurrence of pests and diseases， and the uncontrollable natural field environments. According to the resistance， resurgence， residue （3R）/efficacy， efficiency， eco-environment （3E）/method， model， measurement （3M） of the pesticide applications， the modeling and simulation researches on the pesticide spraying process， such as atomization， transportation and deposition， were summarized and analyzed. The semi-physical simulation system of pesticide spraying was put forward and analyzed based on the development of simulation technology. Finally， several research suggestions were proposed to promote research on innovative precision pesticide spraying technology and R&D of high-quality plant protection machinery， such as establishing atomization model for carrying out the atomization mechanism of new nozzles， the multi-phase flow field simulation of mass pesticide droplets， the spraying target customization and target recognition model， the comprehensive pesticide droplet drift model， and the coupling between plant growth model and pesticide spraying system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response Characteristics of Soil Microecology in Long-term Continuous Cropping Tobacco Field Under 4 Rotation Patterns Xudong ZHOU, Tianhua HAN, Yunxin SHEN, Zhufeng SHI, Biao HE, Mingying YANG, Weihua PEI, Yonghong HE, Peiwen YANG Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (3): 174-187.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0743 Abstract （522）   HTML （8）    PDF （4190KB）（1704）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the effects of rotation of flue-cured tobacco and different crops on soil quality control of long-term continuous cropping， 4 rotation treatments were set， including barley and flue-cured tobacco （YCDM）， garlic and flue-cured tobacco （YCDS）， rape and flue-cured tobacco （YCYC）， and broad bean and flue-cured tobacco （YCCD）， and the tobacco planting plots with continuous cropping for more than 10 years was used as control （CK）. The physicochemical properties， enzyme activities and microbial community structures of soils under different rotation treatments were analyzed. Based on correlation analysis and redundancy analysis， the relationship between soil physicochemical properties， enzyme activities and microbial community structure was analyzed. The results showed that， compared with CK， soil bulk density decreased by 26.58%~30.29% and total porosity increased by 21.13%~48.26%. Compared with CK， soil pH， available nitrogen （AN）， available phosphorus （AP） and available potassium （AK） contents under the YCCD treatment significantly increased by 11.84%， 30.57%， 6.42% and 41.1%， respectively. Compared with CK， the activities of catalase （CAT）， invertase （INV）， urease （URE） and acid phosphatase （ACP） increased by 16.81%~42.35%， 38.09%~51.48%， 7.69%~64.29% and 5.82%~76.33%， respectively. The YCCD mode had the most significant improvement effect. The results of high-throughput sequencing showed that the OTUs of bacteria under rotation treatments was significantly higher than that of CK. The α-diversity showed that the richness and diversity of bacterial communities were significantly different among different rotation treatments. The richness of fungal communities was significantly different， but the diversity was not. The results of β-diversity analysis showed that the differences of soil fungal communities among different rotation treatments were small， and the differences of soil bacterial communities were large. Among them， YCCD treatment had the largest difference in bacterial and fungal communities compared with CK. At the phylum level， the YCCD treatment increased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria， while decreased the relative abundance of Ascomycota. Correlation analysis and redundancy analysis showed that URE， AN， AK and pH were the key factors affecting soil microbial community structure. In conclusion， reasonable rotation of flue-cured tobacco and other crops could improve soil available nutrient content and soil enzyme activity， and then regulate soil microbial community structure， which could reduce the obstacles of continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco， and finally achieve the goal of stable yield and increase of flue-cured tobacco. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Simulation and Optimization of Pneumatic Conveying System for Hybrid Rice Pollen Collection Device Fenfang XIAO, Conghe ZHANG, Hui WANG, Yafeng YE, Daolin ZHANG, Heting WANG, Bo LI, Yuejin WU, Binmei LIU Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (4): 110-122.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0048 Abstract （310）   HTML （3）    PDF （4205KB）（1516）       Knowledge map    Save In order to solve the problem of mechanized and efficient collection of paternal pollen of hybrid rice， a hybrid rice pollen collection device was designed and the pneumatic conveying system was simulated and optimized. Firstly， the computational fluid dynamics-discrete phase model （CFD-DPM） was established for pneumatic conveying system. Furthermore， the CFD-DPM and the response surface method were combined to optimize and verify the system，which took the inner diameter of the tube， the length and width of the inlet as factors，and the air flow uniformity and total pressure difference as indexes. The results showed that the inner diameter， the length of the inlet，the width of the inlet， the interaction of inner diameter and length， and the interaction between length and width had significant effects on the airflow uniformity and total pressure difference in the system.The two indexes increased with the increase of the inner diameter， the uniformity of powder absorption first increased and then decreased with the increase of length and width， and the total pressure difference increased with the increase of length and width. The optimal parameter combination of pneumatic conveying system was 200.00 mm inner diameter， 564.40 mm length and 192.48 mm width. Simulation of the optimized system structure showed that the variable velocity and total pressure difference of airflow velocity were 16.03% and 238.37 Pa respectively. The relative errors were 4.91% and 3.39%， respectively. Compared with the initial structure， the two indexes were reduced by 56.29% and 31.57% respectively， indicating that the optimization effect was obvious. This study provided a method for rapid optimization design of pneumatic conveying system of hybrid rice pollen collection unit， and the results could provide reference for optimization design of pneumatic conveying system of hybrid rice pollen collection unit. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/Unfolded Protein Response Caused by Herpesvirus Haiqing CAI, Wei WANG, Maoqin ZENG, Wenwen BI, Li CHEN, Qiandong ZHANG, Yang YUAN, Ming WEN Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (9): 131-139.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0538 Abstract （931）   HTML （11）    PDF （1481KB）（1503）       Knowledge map    Save Endoplasmic reticulum is the main site of protein folding and post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells. It also participates in the regulation of Ca2+ and lipid storage and synthesis， and has important physiological functions. Herpesviruses is a class of enveloped DNA viruses. The synthesis and processing of its surface glycosylated envelope proteins depends on the endoplasmic reticulum. During virus replication， a large number of synthesized glycosylated envelope proteins are excessive in the endoplasmic reticulum. Accumulation causes endoplasmic reticulum stress （ERS）， which in turn leads to unfolded protein response （UPR）. Some herpesviruses may have evolved mechanisms to regulate the UPR to create an optimal egoistic environment for the replication process. When they replicate in host cells， they will cause related endoplasmic reticulum UPR signaling cascades， such as cell damage， inflammation， apoptosis， etc. In this paper， the mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response （ERS/UPR） response to viruses was reviewed， and the molecular mechanism and related signaling pathways of ERS caused by herpes simplex virus type Ⅰ， pseudorabies virus， marek virus， duck enteritis virus and other herpes viruses were expounded， which provided theoretical basis for the research and development of herpes virus-related vaccines and drug targets. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Whole Genome Sequencing of Multi-drug Resistant Escherichia coli and Its Drug Resistance Analysis Haili LI, Yindi XU, Zhifang WANG, Wenhao ZHU, Lixian ZHANG, Chunjiang MA Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (6): 113-121.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0169 Abstract （733）   HTML （5）    PDF （4555KB）（1459）       Knowledge map    Save In order to understand colistin resistance genes carried by Escherichia coli， screen sensitive plant drugs， and solve the dilemma of multiple drug resistance and no drug option in animal clinic， the resistance genes of Escherichia coli were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 78 antibiotics were detected， and the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of 4 kinds of natural plant extracts （palmatine， berberine， baicalin and macleaya cordata） were tested. The results showed that 145 strains of E.coli were isolated and identified from intestinal tract of swine clinical diarrhea cases in 2021 （from January to December） and 2022 （from January to June）， and a clinical strain carrying colistin resistance genes （mcr-4，mcr-5） and β-lactamases blaTEM and AmpC was identified， which named HN2149. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 78 antibiotics showed that the HN2149 strains was sensitive to cefepime， cefodizime， fosfomycin， cefixime， meropenem， cefoxitin， cefazolin， cefoperazone， cefotaxime， ceftazidime， cefuroxime， ceftriaxone， aztreonam， piperacillin-tazobactam， ticacillin/clavulanic acid， cefoperazone sulbactam， ceftazidime/clavulanic acid， cefotaxime/clavulanic acid， ceftizoxime， cefmetazole， cefetamet， and was resistant to 57 antibiotics. The drug sensitivity of 4 plant extracts showed that the macleaya cordata had the best bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect on HN2149 strain， while the other 3 extracts had no effects on HN2149 strain. Above results provided reference for the prevention and control of swine colibacillosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Soil Nutrient Characteristics of Ulmus pumila L. Forest at Different Ages in Daqingshan Yuexin ZHANG, Yunxia MA, Xiuzhi MA, Jinwang ZHANG, Yuelin WANG, Haisheng YU Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (12): 168-176.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0737 Abstract （322）   HTML （2）    PDF （651KB）（1366）       Knowledge map    Save In order to reveal the change trend and law of soil enzyme activity and soil nutrients with forest age in Daqingshan Nature Reserve， 3 different forest ages （10， 25 and 40 a） at Ulmus pumila L. forest in Daqingshan were selected as the research objects， and a total of 8 indicators of soil pH， available nitrogen， available phosphorus， available potassium， organic matter， sucrose， catalase and polyphenol oxidase in the soil layer of 0—10，10—20，20—30 and 30—40 cm were measured. The characteristics and interrelationships of enzyme activity and nutrient content in soil of Ulmus pumila L. with different forest ages were analyzed. The results showed that with the increase of forest age， the content of soil organic matter and available potassium in soil of Ulmus pumila L. forests showed an upward trend； available nitrogen and available phosphorus were raised first and then decreased， and the soil pH was gradually reduced. With the deepening of soil depth， the contents of soil organic matter， available nitrogen， available phosphorus and available potassium all showed obvious surface aggregation. Peroxidase activity gradually decreased with the increase of forest age； the activities of sucrase and urease showed a tendency of increasing first and then decreasing， and the enzyme activity gradually decreased with the depth of the soil layer. There was a certain correlation between soil nutrients and enzyme activity， and there was a significant positive correlation between available nitrogen and available phosphorus and sucrase and urease （P<0.05）； there was a significant negative phase between available potassium and organic matter and catalase （P<0.05）. According to the principal component analysis results， the soil fertility of the soil layer of 0—10 cm in the 25 a forest age was the highest. The results of the study could provide scientifsic basis for sustainable management of Ulmus pumila L. forests and soil fertility enhancement. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Chemical Fertilizer Reduction Combined with Bio-organic Fertilization on Tobacco Soil Characteristics and Tobacco Bacterial Wilt Control Xingsheng YIN, Lingfeng BAO, Yongyu PU, Jiali SUN, Qing ZHANG, Haiping LI, Mingying YANG, Yueping LIN, Huaixin WANG, Yonghong HE, Peiwen YANG Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (7): 122-131.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.1092 Abstract （557）   HTML （2）    PDF （4269KB）（1344）       Knowledge map    Save To analyze the relationship between the tobacco planting soil quality and the occurrence and development of tobacco bacterial wilt， and the control effect of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with bio-organic fertilization on tobacco bacterial wilt， 4 nitrogen reduction levels （5%， 10%， 15% and 20%） combined with bio-organic fertilizer were set up， with conventional nitrogen application as the control. The effects of each treatment on the main physiochemical properties of soil， the yield and quality of tobacco and the control effect of tobacco bacterial wilt were investigated. Based on the correlation analysis， the correlation between soil physiochemical factors and disease index was further analyzed. The results showed that the soil bulk density and pH of each treatment decreased. But the ratio of soil carbon and nitrogen， organic carbon， carbon storage， nitrogen storage， sucrase activity， urease activity， microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen increased. The yield， the proportion of high-grade tobacco and the proportion of medium and high-grade tobacco also increased significantly. The results of correlation analysis showed that the disease index was extremely negatively correlated with soil C/N ratio， organic carbon content， carbon storage， nitrogen storage， sucrose activity， urease activity， microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass C/N ratio （P<0.01）， extremely positively correlated with soil pH （P<0.01）， negatively correlated with microbial biomass nitrogen （P<0.05）， positively correlated with soil bulk density， alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen， available phosphorus and available potassium， and negatively correlated with microbial biomass nitrogen. Under the experimental conditions， appropriate nitrogen reduction and combined application of bio-organic fertilizer could improve soil quality， tobacco yield and quality， and reduce the occurrence of tobacco bacterial wilt. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and Verification of Prediction Model for Grape Downy Mildew Based on Machine Learning Fengxia BIAN, Kaige LIU, Xinmin RONG Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (8): 126-137.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0866 Abstract （593）   HTML （11）    PDF （3217KB）（1265）       Knowledge map    Save Grape downy mildew is one of the major diseases on grapes， which can occur from seedling to fruit maturity， often causing destructive losses in rainy years. To accurately predict the occurrence of grape downy mildew and minimize the hazards of grape downy mildew， based on the agrometeorological data and disease occurrence data during grape growth in 2020， a prediction model for the occurrence of grape downy mildew was developed by 4 machine learning algorithms （binary logistic regression， support vector machine， decision tree and K-nearest neighbors）， and the models were verified using the data in 2021. The results showed that the decision tree model had the best evaluation indicators in the disease prediction model， which the accuracy was 94%， and the precision， recall and F1-score was 91%， 90% and 91%， respectively. The decision tree model’s performance was still better than the other models using validation data. Therefore， the decision tree model could be further used to develop early warning systems for grape downy mildew， which should provide technical support and decision-making guidance for controlling it in production. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Active Ingredients and Action Mechanism of Agricultural Plant Jiaosu Bing LI, Xiumin ZHU, Dai LI, Junxia DU Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (7): 156-165.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0660 Abstract （687）   HTML （2）    PDF （618KB）（1223）       Knowledge map    Save Agricultural plant Jiaosu is a product containing specific bioactive ingredients which is derived primarily from plants through microbial fermentation. It could be applied in agriculture， animal husbandry and soil improvement. Agricultural plant Jiaosu plays significant roles in enhancing crop yields， soil quality and pest resistance， making it a key player in the establishment of green ecological agriculture. In this paper， the classification， characteristics and various effective components of agricultural plant Jiaosu were briefly introduced； the positive effects on crop yield increase， antibacterial properties， soil enhancement and environmental protection of agricultural plant Jiaosu were summarized； the mechanisms were analyzed， the existing issues were identified， and the future development of agricultural plant Jiaosu was discussed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Differential Seed Metabolites Before and After Stratification of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance Yongfang ZHANG, Shiyan DONG, Jiaxuan WANG, Xuhu GUO, Chang ZHANG, Yanxing WANG, Yuye WANG, Jingfeng WU, Tianfang BAO, Hongfa ZHANG, Ping YU, Fuheng LI Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (7): 37-49.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0183 Abstract （440）   HTML （5）    PDF （4918KB）（1207）       Knowledge map    Save In order to deeply explore the seed dormancy mechanism of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance， the different metabolites of non-lamellarized seeds （NS） and germination seeds after lamellarization （GS） were analyzed by GC-TOF/MS （gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry）. The results showed that a total of 995 metabolites were detected， and there was a clear separation between NS and GS. There were 126 differential metabolites， among which 75 were extremely significant differential metabolites including 35 up-regulated and 40 down-regulated expressions. The metabolic pathways of the extremely significant differential metabolites were analysed and 10 key metabolic pathways were identified. The results of the chord diagram analysis showed that the lipids （including lipid-like molecules） was extremely significantly positive correlaed with benzenoids， while the benzenepropanoids （including polyketides） was extremely significantly negative correlation with organoxides. Above results provided theoretical basis of metabolomics for exploring the post-maturation germination of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance seeds， and researching the post-maturation and dormancy mechanisms of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance seeds. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development Status and Prospects of Rice Industry in Heilongjiang Province Yingnan GU, Xin LIU, Jingyuan WANG, Xinyu DUAN, Ying HUANG, Qingjuan LIN, Yanxia LIU, Hongwen BI Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (12): 17-25.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1005 Abstract （1265）   HTML （25）    PDF （1755KB）（1194）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years， the rice industry in Heilongjiang province has developed well in planting， production and marketing， but there are still some problems such as quality degradation and low efficiency of processing enterprises. In order to promote the development of high-quality rice industry in Heilongjiang province， and improve productivity and efficiency，based on the statistical yearbook data of Heilongjiang province， field survey information and literature data， this paper analyzed the change characteristics of rice variety breeding， production and planting， quality， processing and sales of japonica rice in Heilongjiang province from 2016 to 2021， put forward suggestions to accelerate the development of rice industry in Heilongjiang province， including the construction of research and innovation center of seed industry， the construction of green ecological demonstration area and the strengthening of rice processing industry， which provided a variety of feasible ideas for the development of rice industry in Heilongjiang province. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prospects for Commercialization of Biotech Breeding Technology of Important Crops in China Jian ZHANG Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2022, 24 (12): 15-24.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0697 Abstract （1488）   HTML （14）    PDF （538KB）（1190）       Knowledge map    Save China has more population in the world but with limited arable land and water resources. Scientific innovation becomes a unique solution to promote the crop productions for national food security. Commercialization of biotech breeding technology in maize， soybean， oil rape and cotton has played a critical role in seed industry developmentin these major crop production countries including US， Brazil and Argentina. After over 20 years’ scientific innovation of biotech crop research and development （R&D） in China， the biotechnology crops for maize and soybean with resistance to insect and herbicide tolerant traits have been ready， these biotech crops would not only reduce the inputs of crop production， but also increase the yield and farmers’ incomes significantly. Due to the commercialization of biotech breeding technology involves in multiple aspects of research and development of scientific innovation， regulatory appraisal of biosafety and stewardship requirements， international trade， agricultural production and public acceptance etc.， which is a large and complex system engineer. Therefore， only those of the larger seed enterprises with capabilities can lead the whole processes by integrating R&D resources of scientific， academic and seed industrial units to create an innovation consortium for collaborations across the whole R&D chain and commercial chain together. Such an innovation consortium will be capable to continuously launch new varieties with better-yielding， nutritious， less inputs and environmental-friendly products should steadily support the commercialization of biotech breeding technology of important crops towards a sustainable and high-quality development of seed industry in China. Biotech breeding technology is the core of seed innovation， so establishing an innovative system for modern breeding and strengthening the deep mine of germplasm resources plus breaking through the key technologies of cutting-edge breeding for strategic new varieties， becomes the solution for germplasm improvement and a key for winning the seed industry as well as the fundamental support for firmly grasping the initiative of food security. This paper summarized the application of biotech breeding， and proposed the developmental strategies of modern seed industry. Biotech breeding technology will become the important approach to solve the germplasm resource shortage and environmental constrains faced by China’s agricultural development while driving the development of China’s modern seed industry and the continuous improvement of international competitiveness， and realizing the leap from a large seed industry to a strong seed country. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Codon Bias and Evolution Analysis of CqGAI in Chenopodium quinoa Yang FENG, Fenggen GUO, Shiyu WANG, Zhengjie LIU, Wenhong LONG Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (4): 27-36.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0125 Abstract （519）   HTML （4）    PDF （4328KB）（1172）       Knowledge map    Save To clarify the codon usage characteristics of CqGAI gene， the sequence of CqGAI gene was cloned. The codon usage preference of CqGAI gene was analyzed using CodonW， SPSS software and EMBOSS online program， and neutral mapping， ENC analysis and parity preference bias analysis were performed with GAI genes of 25 plants. The results showed that the length of coding sequence （CDS） of CqGAI gene was 1 782 bp， which encoded 593 amino acids， and contained the unique structural domains of DELLA gene family such as DELLA， TVHYNP， NLS， VHIID， LHR and RVER. The CqGAI gene could rapidly responded to gibberellines （GA），whichplayed a key role in the GA signaling pathway. Codon bias analysis showed that ENC， CAI and GC content of CqGAI gene were 54.14， 0.21 and 46.18%， respectively， with weak codon bias， preference ending with A/T and 27 high frequency codons. The clustering analyses showed that the CqGAI gene had the closest preference to Caryophyllales. The base composition and correlation analysis revealed that the codon preference of CqGAI gene was influenced by selection effect and base mutation. The frequency of codon usage indicated that both Escherichia coli and yeast were suitable for heterologous expression of CqGAI gene， and Arabidopsis thaliana， Nicotiana tabacum and Beta vulgaris were suitable for genetic transformation recipients for functional analysis of CqGAI gene. Above results provided an important reference for further study the function and heterologous expression of CqGAI gene. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on miRs Expression Profiles of Alfalfa and Screening of Trans-border Potential miRs Jingying JIA, Yahui LI, Bingzhe FU, Yun MA, Xiaoyan CAI Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (7): 43-53.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.1090 Abstract （340）   HTML （0）    PDF （1938KB）（1103）       Knowledge map    Save To explore miRNA expression profile of ‘Xinyan 52’ （XY52）， a new drought tolerant alfalfa line cultivated in Ningxia， and screen microRNA （miR） with cross-border research value， ‘Zhongmu 1’ （ZM1） was as the reference. ZM1 and XY52 were sequenced and analyzed by high-throughput miRs （RNA-seq）； the bioinformatics technology was used to screen differential expressed miRs and predict target genes， and the predicted target genes were enriched and analyzed by GO and KEGG； then 10 miRs were detected and analyzed by RT-qPCR. The results were as follows： ① the miRs expression profiles of 2 kinds of alfalfa were successfully constructed， and 656 and 703 miRs were detected in ZM1 and XY52， which the number of newly predicted miRs were 233 and the known miRs were 433 and 480； ② a total of 21 differential expressed miRs were detected in the two alfalfa varieties， among which 3 miRs including novel-miR54， miR156f and miR166a were expressed higher， and the expression of novel-miR54 in XY52 was significantly higher than that in ZM1 （P<0.01）， and the expression of miR156f in ZM1 was significantly higher than that in XY52 （P<0.01）； ③ among the five miRs which had cross-border regulatory functions， miR166a had the most expressive level in ZM1 and XY52， while the expression of miR166a in XY52 was significantly higher than that in ZM1 （P<0.01）； ④ a total of 623 target genes were predicted by the KEGG pathway and GO function enrichment analysis of 21 miRs with differential expression， which were mainly related to signaling pathways such as RNA transport， ABC transporter and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. These results laid a preliminary foundation for the analysis of miRs in differences of alfalfa and the regulation of genes in dairy cows. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening， Identification and Biocontrol of Bacteria Degrading Ginseng Phenolic Acid Autotoxic Substances Yongjun XIE, Xiaozhuo PAN, Fuhui CHEN, Kaibo YIN, Jiayue JIN, Yibing WANG Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (7): 147-155.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0651 Abstract （450）   HTML （9）    PDF （2394KB）（1069）       Knowledge map    Save with the increase of ginseng planting years， the accumulation of autotoxic substances in the soil results in the occurrence of continuous cropping obstacles， which significantly impeding the robust advancement of ginseng cultivation. The biodegradation of autotoxic compounds in the soil is as an effective strategy to mitigate the continuous cropping obstacles. The bacteria degrading phenolic acid autotoxic substances were isolated and identified from the ginseng rhizosphere soil. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing along with physiological and biochemical experiments， the degradation strains were classified and identified. The degradation rate was assessed through UV spectrophotometry， while the culture conditions were refined through a single-factor experiment. The biocontrol of degradation strains on ginseng seeds with phenolic acid stress was investigated. The results showed that 10 strains of bacteria capable of degrading autotoxic substances were isolated from the inter-root soil of ginseng， predominantly belonging to the genus Pseudomonas. Preliminary degradation experiments indicated that strain S1 exhibited the highest degradation rate on salicylic acid， reaching 65.32%， and was identified as Burkholderia. The results of single-factor experiment indicated that the degradation rate of strain S1 was 88.58% with calcium nitrate as the nitrogen source， cultivation temperature of 30 ℃， and 500 mg·L-1 autotoxic substances， which was higher than before optimization. Strain S1 could alleviate the inhibitory impact of salicylic acid on the growth of ginseng seeds， achieving a growth promotion efficiency of 12.56%. In conclusion， the Burkholderia S1 strain isolated from soil exhibited a commendable biocontrol effect， which had promising application value for mitigating continuous cropping obstacles. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Global Genetically Modified Crop Industrialization Trends in 2022 Haohui LI, Caiyue LIU, Haiwen ZHANG, Xujing WANG, Qiaoling TANG, Youhua WANG Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (12): 6-16.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0756 Abstract （2181）   HTML （85）    PDF （752KB）（1062）       Knowledge map    Save Since the commercialization of genetically modified （GM） crops in 1996， their industrial applications have developed rapidly in worldwide with increasing planting area and crop types， which have significant economic and social benefits. This paper analyzed the global situation of GM crops cultivation in 2022， and the development trends of major countries and regions planting GM crops. In 2022， the planting area of GM crops accounted for about 12% of the total arable land area with an increase of 3.3%. The number of the countries approved to cultivate GM crops increased to 29， and 71 countries and regions approved the commercial application of GM products. Based on the planting area of GM crops， the GM corn and soybean were dominant， and the planting area of the GM crops with multiple traits was also constantly expanding. The industrial applications of GM crops will become new growth driver for agricultural production and economic development， and the applications and effects of GM crops will continuously increase with the iterative upgrading of bioengineering breeding technologies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Tillage Fertilizer Mixing Effect Under Vertical Smashing Rotary Tillage and Rotary Tillage Based on EDEM Fake SHAN, Shuo KANG, Jianxi ZHU, Yongwei WANG, Jun WANG Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (11): 90-102.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0237 Abstract （354）   HTML （10）    PDF （3528KB）（1048）       Knowledge map    Save The distribution of nutrient components of chemical fertilizer in soil directly affects crop yield， which is different under different tillage methods. In order to explore the mechanism and reveal the distribution rule of chemical fertilizer particles in soil under different tillage methods， a discrete element simulation model was established based on EDEM. A test platform using force sensor was built to calibrate the material attribute parameters and contact parameters required in the establishment process. The drag force was measured through signal acquisition and analysis system， and it was compared with that obtained by simulation during same working period to verify the accuracy of the simulation model. The results showed the error was below 10%，indicating it could be inferred that the established model had certain prediction accuracy. Through orthogonal experiments the optimal working parameters of 2 tillage methods were obtained and the results were verified through field experiments. Through the comparison of the final results， it was found that when different tillage methods were both under the optimal mixing effect working state， the maximum error between the predicted value of the fertilizer distribution proportion in each layer of the simulation model and the actual value is 8.65%， and the minimum error is 0.59%. In conclusion， the prediction model established in this study could be used to explore the particle distribution rule of the mixing effect of surface fertilizer under different tillage methods， and had a certain prediction accuracy. The results provided references for selecting the optimal tillage method， improving agricultural fertilization efficiency and reasonably controlling fertilization amount. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Leaf Traits and Adaptation Strategies of Sophora japonica at Different Ages Rongrong CHU, Guoqing FENG, Zhongyi ZHANG, Huijiao LIU, Jiaxin DONG, Zhangzhen WEN, Xiangbin GAO, Xiaoman XIE, Dan LIU Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (3): 48-56.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0438 Abstract （532）   HTML （4）    PDF （1666KB）（1046）       Knowledge map    Save The variation and correlation of leaf traits can reflect the resource utilization and adaptive survival strategies of plants. In order to explore the traits and variation rules of the leaves of Sophora japonica of different ages， taking the leaves of Sophora japonica of different ages in Liaocheng city as the research object， 13 indicators including the leaf area （LA）， leaf fresh weight （FW）， leaf dry weight （DW）， leaf length （LL）， leaf width （LW）， petiole length （PL）， leaf thickness （LT）， rachis length （RL）， leaf shape index （LI）， specific leaf area （SLA）， leaf dry matter content （LDMC） ， leaf tissue density （LTD）， and specific leaf weight （SLW） were measured， and one-way analysis of variance and coefficient variation analysis were used to explore the characteristics of leaf traits at different tree ages. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis were used to study the adaptation rules of Sophora japonica leaves at different tree ages. The results showed that the DW， LL and PL of reserve resources were significantly higher than those of other tree ages （P<0.01）. The total coefficient variations of 13 leaf traits of Sophora japonica were from 8.57% to 81.48%； among leaf traits of different tree ages， the coefficient variation of the reserve resource LTD was the largest which was 92.86%， and the coefficient variation of the secondary ancient tree LDMC was the smallest which was 5.84%. LA， FW， DW， LL and LW were extremely significantly positively correlated with each other （P<0.01）； SLA was significantly negatively correlated with FW， DW， LTD and SLW （P<0.01）， and positively correlated with LT（P<0.01）； LDMC was significantly positively correlated with FW， DW， LTD and SLW （P< 0.01）. The leaf traits of reserve resources had the characteristics of high LDMC and SLW， low SLA， and belong to the survival strategy of “quick investment-income type”； the secondary ancient trees and the first grade ancient trees showed high SLA， low LDMC and SLW leaf character combinations， and adopted a “slow investment-benefit” and “conservative” strategy. Above results provided a scientific basis for the formulation of maintenance and management strategies for different age classes of Sophora japonica. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Precipitation on Yield and Water Consumption of Winter Wheat in Loess Plateau in Recent 40 Years Gang ZHAO, Shuying WANG, Shangzhong LI, Jianjun ZHANG, Yi DANG, Lei WANG, Xingmao LI, Wanli CHENG, Gang ZHOU, Shengli NI, Tinglu FAN Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (3): 164-173.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0783 Abstract （378）   HTML （2）    PDF （3325KB）（1042）       Knowledge map    Save Winter wheat is an important ration crop in the Loess Plateau and the yield is greatly affected by rainfall and other factors，in order to study the effect of precipitation on water consumption and yield of winter wheat，the long-term observation data of winter wheat Zhenyuan experimental site of the Gansu academy of agricultural sciences in recent 40 years were collected. The variation trend of winter wheat yield and water consumption with precipitation was illustrated. The results showed that the yield of winter wheat on the loess plateau increased at a rate of 51.2 kg·hm-2 every year in the past 40 years， but the persistence coefficient was only 0.43. The yield greatly increased with the rise of precipitation from mid-October to mid-November， the first ten days of mid-March， the first ten days of May， and the last ten days of May. The satisfaction rate of precipitation in the whole growth period was 64.4%， but was only 52.7% in the dry year， while at jointing-filling stage was the lowest among different growth stages. The average water consumption during the growth period of winter wheat was 361.3 mm， which showed a downward trend in the past 40 years. The water consumption from sowing to rejuvenation accounted for 34.3% of the total in the whole growth period. In dry years and median water years， the precipitation satisfaction rates were 36.9% at the seedling emergence-jointing stage and 42.2% at jointing-filling stage，respectively. At these 2 stages， precipitation had a significant impact on the yield of winter wheat. According to the yield correlation of winter wheat， the order from high to low was water consumption > panicles > grains per ear > soil moisture before sowing > precipitation during growth period >annual precipitation. Winter wheat yield in the loess plateau area had been poorly stable in recent 40 years due to a large proportion of water consumption from sowing to the regreening stage and insufficient precipitation at this time， affected the tillering and spike formation and water use efficiency of winter wheat. Above results indicated that ensuring the precipitation satisfaction rate of winter wheat in the key growth period and the efficient accumulation of precipitation in the fallow period was an important guarantee for stable and high yield of winter wheat，which were of great significance to the sustainable development of winter wheat industry. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and Application of Natural Polymer Flocculants Yangyang CAI, Xiuping TAO, Tong LI, Bin SHANG, Jianchao SONG, Lu LIU Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (10): 165-172.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0419 Abstract （703）   HTML （2）    PDF （524KB）（1028）       Knowledge map    Save Natural polymer flocculant is the focus of current research. The mechanism， type and characteristics of natural polymer flocculants were detailed introducted， and the progress of preparation technology， the application status of natural polymer flocculants， especially their application in the field of water treatment were summarized. In view of the current problems of the new flocculant， the future research focus and development direction were looked forward， which provided a reference for the in-depth research and practical application of the new flocculant. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Manure Application on Soybean Yield and Soil Nutrients in China Chenyang ZHANG, Minggang XU, Fei WANG, Ran LI, Nan SUN Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (8): 148-156.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0077 Abstract （651）   HTML （10）    PDF （1441KB）（1027）       Knowledge map    Save Application of manure can increase soybean yield and soil fertility. There are significant differences in soybean yield and soil fertility in China due to the influence of region， application rate of manure， type of manure etc. However， the reasons for these differences are still not clear. In order to find out the effect of manure fertilizer application on soybean yield and soil fertility in different regions and management measures in China， and the main factors of yield increase effect， this study collected data on a national scale for integrated analysis. According to the searching criteria， 37 literatures including 119 groups of data on the effect of manure application on soybean yield and 11 literatures including 148 groups of data on the effects of manure application on soil nutrients were obtained. The enhanced boosted regression tree （BRT） model was used to quantify the importance of climate factors， soil properties and manure application measures on soybean yield increase. The average soybean yield increased by 12.9% after application of manure in different regions， with the highest yield in south China （18.7%） and followed by North China （14.8%）， Northwest China （13.6%） and Northeast China （12.0%）. When the application rate of manure was more than 5 000 kg·hm-2， the increase of soybean yield was 18.5%. Soybean yield increased by 24.9% after the application of cow manure， followed by the application of pig manure （17.6%）， commercial manure （15.3%）， chicken manure （12.7%） and manure （8.8%）. The average soybean yield was 2 224 kg·hm-2 with no fertilizer， whereas it increased by 20.4% to the amount 2 518 kg·hm-2 with applying manure alone. The average soybean yield was 2 259 kg·hm-2 under the application of chemical fertilizer， whereas it increased by 9.1% to the amount 2 558 kg·hm-2 under the combined application of manure and chemical fertilizer. Manure application significantly increased soil available P （43.5%）， total P （13.3%） and organic matter （11.0%）， but had no significant effect on soil available K （9.4%）， alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen （3.4%）， pH （2.1%） and total K （1.2%）. Based on the BRT results， the BRT model explained 52.83% of soybean yield differences in China. Among them， the application rate of manure had the greatest impact on soybean yield， accounting for 47.0% of the variation， followed by soil properties （41.0%） and climate factors （12.0%）. In general， the application of manure （including the single application of manure and combined application of manure and chemical fertilizer） could significantly increase soybean yield， with the largest increase in South China and with the highest increasing production benefit under the application of cow manure. Soybean yield was mostly affected by the application rate of manure. Additionally， the available P， total P and organic matter contents in soybean soil significantly increased under the application of manure. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Current Situation and Countermeasures Analysis of China’s Crop Seed Industry Lingbo KONG, Qiao LIN, Yingli NIE, Jingjing WANG, Hong WEI Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (4): 1-13.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0507 Abstract （1250）   HTML （39）    PDF （2542KB）（1026）       Knowledge map    Save Crop seed industry is a national strategic and basic core industry， which is the foundation for promoting the long-term stable development of China’s agriculture and ensuring the national food security. In order to comprehensively study the development status of China’s crop seed industry， there were three dimensions of seed industry had been analyzed， including the seed industry policy， enterprise competitiveness and the supply and demand status of superior seed production. The key points of policy support in crop seed industry were summarized， the core competitiveness of leading enterprises was shown and the advantage had been contrasted with international seed enterprises. Meanwhile， the industrialization characteristics of two superior seed were analyzed， such as hybrid maize and hybrid rice. Based on the content of analyzed， the problems in the development of China’s crop seed industry were summarized. The countermeasures and suggestions put forward for establishing a financial security system， strengthening the protection and utilization of germplasm resources， accelerating the innovation of breeding technology， promoting the joint breeding of science and enterprises， and improving the legal and regulatory system， which would provide reference for the innovation and development of China’s crop seed industry. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Physiochemical Properties and Microbial Community Structure in Rhizosphere Soil of Dracocephalum tanguticum Erhao ZHANG, Panpan LIU, Ping HE, Yue JIAN, Yuting XU, Chengxin CHEN, Yazhou LU, Xiaozhong LAN, Sangmu SUOLANG Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (3): 201-213.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0741 Abstract （477）   HTML （11）    PDF （4097KB）（1025）       Knowledge map    Save In order to study the physiochemical properties and microbial community structure in rhizosphere soil of Dracocephalum tanguticum， the microbial communities in rhizosphere soil from Gongbujiangda （GB）， Kanuo （KR） and Luolong （LL） in Tibet were as materials. The microbial community in rhizosphere soil of D. tanguticum was analyzed by illumine high-throughput sequencing， and the physiochemical properties were determined and their correlation with core microbial communities were studied. The results showed that there were significant differences among different regions in the physiochemical properties. A total of 3 900 bacterial OTUs and 1 990 fungal OTUs were obtained in rhizosphere soil of D. tanguticum from 3 regions. The microbial diversity index in the rhizosphere soil of D. tanguticum grown in different regions was significant difference. Actinobacteria was the dominant bacterial phyla in all samples of D. tanguticum. Basidiomycota was the dominant fungal phyla in GB sample， Ascomycota was the dominant fungal phyla in KR and LL samples. The dominant genus was difference among different samples. Principal component analysis showed that the compositions of bacterial and fungal community were different among different samples. The analysis of core microbial communities showed that there were 257 core bacterial genera and 102 fungal genera. The correlation analysis showed that the changes of microbial community in rhizosphere soil were correlated with the physiochemical properties， and the contents of total potassium， available potassium， total phosphorus， total nitrogen and available nitrogen were the key determinants affecting the composition of microbial community in rhizosphere soil of D. tanguticum. Overall， the microbial community structure in rhizosphere soil of D. tanguticum grown in the different regions were significant differences， and the microbial community structure of rhizosphere soil was strongly linked to the physiochemical properties of rhizosphere soil. Above results provided theoretical bases for artificial cultivation and screening beneficial microorganisms of D. tanguticum. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Temporal and Spatial Variation of Xinjiang Natural Grassland and Their Responses to Climate Factors Weikang ZHAO, Changqing JING, Chen CHEN Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (7): 197-206.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0931 Abstract （281）   HTML （6）    PDF （4986KB）（1024）       Knowledge map    Save Based on remote sensing data such as net primary productivity （NPP）， normal difference vegetation index （NDVI） and climate factors （temperature and precipitation）， the temporal and spatial variation of grassland NPP and grassland NDVI in Xinjiang and their responses to climate factors were analyzed by the unary linear regression model， correlation analysis and other methods. The results showed that the annual average values of grassland NPP and NDVI both showed an upward trend. The spatial distribution of grassland NPP over the years showed a trend of high in the north and low in the south， and the spatial distribution of grassland NDVI showed a trend of gradually decreasing from northwest to southeast. From 1985 to 2015， the average annual temperature and precipitation both showed an upward trend. Overall， the average annual temperature in the basin was higher than that in the mountainous area， and the average annual precipitation in the mountainous area was more than that in the basin. From the perspective of spatial correlation， whether it was grassland NPP or grassland NDVI， the area of grassland positively correlated with precipitation was larger than that of grassland positively correlated with temperature， and the correlation coefficient with precipitation was higher than that with temperature. It showed that precipitation was the main influencing factor of grassland vegetation in Xinjiang， which deepened the understanding of Xinjiang grassland’s response to climate factors and provided data support for the response to climate change. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Accelerate the Research and Application of Biological Breeding to Promote the Self-Reliance of Agricultural Science and Technology Wen ZHANG Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2022, 24 (12): 8-14.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0733 Abstract （1580）   HTML （13）    PDF （491KB）（997）       Knowledge map    Save Food security is the the pillar of national development and safety. General Secretary XI Jinping pointed that the fundamental solution to stabilize and increase the food production lay in the scientific and technological progress concerning the limited arable land in domestic. At present， a new round of scientific and technological revolution in agriculture characterized by modern biotechnology is breeding major breakthroughs， and plays a leading role in the development of modern agriculture. The development of biological breeding is an important strategy to ensure the national food security and enhance the international competitiveness. This paper introduced the development trend of biological breeding in the development of international agricultural science and technology. For promoting the industrial application of biological breeding， 4 of relationships should be correctly handled， and 4 tasks should be put forward， which provided theoretical guidance for accelerating the development and application of biological breeding technologies in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Combined Application of Biogas Slurry and Chemical Fertilizer on Peach Growth and Soil Physical and Chemical Properties for Two Consecutive Years Caiyan DU, Haiyan LU, Yanzhu XIONG, Xi SUN, Xiumei SUN, Jixiong PU, Naiming ZHANG Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (8): 165-175.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0022 Abstract （352）   HTML （4）    PDF （2242KB）（942）       Knowledge map    Save To study the effects of different proportions of biogas slurry replacing chemical fertilizer on soil properties， fruit growth， yield and quality of peach， the 6-years-old ‘Zaoxiang peach’ was as the experimental material， and the different ratios of biogas slurry （ZF） N substitution for chemical fertilizer （HF）were set， with the substitution ratios of total nitrogen by biogas slurry according to 0% （HF100%）， 10% （HF90%+ZF10%）， 20% （HF80%+ZF20%） and 30% （HF70%+ZF30%）， respectively， and compound fertilizer （CF） no fertilizer treatment （CK） as control. The soil properties and peach growth， yield and fruit quality were determined in the two-year site experiments under different treatments. The results showed that， after topdressing biogas slurry for 2 years， the different fertilization treatments could increase the content of soil organic matter （SOM）， and the treatments of biogas slurry combined with chemical fertilizer could increase the soil pH. Different fertilization treatments could significantly increase the contents of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen， available phosphorus and available potassium， especially in HF70%+ZF30% treatment， which the contents of soil alkali-hydrolyzable N， available P and available K were increased by 44.31%， 41.10% and 75.14%， respectively， compared with CK. Different fertilization applications increased the contents of exchangeable calcium， exchangeable magnesium， available zinc， available manganese， available copper and available iron in soil， of which HF70%+ZF30% treatment were the most obvious， followed by HF80%+ZF20% treatment. Compared with CK， different fertilization applications could promote the growth of peach trees， increase the contents of N， P， K， chlorophyll in peach leaves and branch enrichment， and significantly promote peach yield by 0.80%～12.24%. Different fertilization applications increased peel hardness and the contents of soluble solids， soluble sugar content and Vc， and decreased titratable acid content for peach fruit. In conclusion， the combination of HF70%+ZF30% was the best for the growth of peach and its quality， which provided scientific basis for biogas slurry as fertilizer. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Image Recognition of Corn Disease Based on Transfer Learning Yantong ZHANG, Qianmin SU Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (10): 119-125.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0218 Abstract （476）   HTML （6）    PDF （1867KB）（927）       Knowledge map    Save The traditional detection of crop disease mainly relies on manpower and experience， and the informatization level is low. In recent years， image recognition based on transfer learning has developed rapidly and achieved good application effect in many fields. MoblieNetV2 model was used to re-train and fine-tune corn disease image data set by transfer learning method. Then， the optimized corn disease recognition model was applied to the mobile terminal device for application development. The results showed that the final test accuracy reached to 96.83% after repeated training and fine-tuning of the pre-training model. Finally， the optimized model was used to develop a corn disease recognition APP， and the corn was photographed through the mobile APP to obtain the diagnosis results. The application was simple and easy to operate， which could facilitate and quickly identify maize diseases and have important application value in the future agricultural field. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Anaerobic Digestion of Kitchen Waste on Biogas Microorganisms and Environment Jingwen QIANG, Wanqing WANG, Manyu TANG, Na ZHANG, Shuang WU, Wei HUA, Hengxuan SHAO, Yanling CHENG Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (6): 159-169.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0626 Abstract （393）   HTML （4）    PDF （2362KB）（905）       Knowledge map    Save Kitchen waste can produce biogas through anaerobic digestion， achieving its reduction and recycling of renewable energy， and promote the development of the industry towards the “dual carbon” goal. The main hydrolytic acid-producing bacteria and various nutritive methanogens in the anaerobic digestion of food waste were summarized， and the influence of environmental factors on anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste in the process of bogging and the relationship between them and microbial activity were emphatically discussed. At the same time， based on the study on the whole life cycle of anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste， the impact of biogas production and application on the environment was analyzed. Finally， in view of the low efficiency of anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste， the prospect of system optimization was carried out to achieve the purpose of efficient recycling and high-value utilization of kitchen waste， so as to realize the transformation of energy structure and promote the green and low-carbon development of the city. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Food Security：Current Situation， Problem and Countermeasure Lixia CHEN, Jingze LIU, Lizhu WU, Yinzhu SHEN Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (11): 7-14.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0336 Abstract （306）   HTML （10）    PDF （518KB）（883）       Knowledge map    Save Human is an important functional unit in the ecosystem and has producted great impact on the environment of the earth. With the rapid growth of population and unsustainable exploitation of natural resources during the process of social and economic development， the reduction of forest areas， land degradation， water scarcity， global temperature rise， and severe damage to biodiversity have occurred， leading to a significant decrease in crop yield and a growing food security problem. This paper introduced the current situation of food security issues and their main causes，also present various measures to address food security issues， such as promoting the development of green energy， reducing greenhouse gas emissions， adjusting research objectives and methods， advocating for diversified planting models， and improving food productivity. These sustainable development strategies aimed to collectively tackle the challenges of food security and achieve harmonious coexistence between humans and the earth， which was expected to provide reference for addressing food security issues. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Recovery Characteristics of Photosynthesis in Alfalfa Leaves After Low Temperature Stress Yu MIAO, Jie WANG, Yaoyao ZHAO, Lijia ZHANG, Meijun LIU Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (2): 80-89.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0873 Abstract （375）   HTML （3）    PDF （2326KB）（877）       Knowledge map    Save In order to investigate the restriction sites during the recovery of photosynthesis in alfalfa after the low temperature was lifted， using‘Xinmu 4’and‘ Gannong 5’2 varieties of alfalfa as materials， the changes in photosynthetic activity of alfalfa leaves during the low temperature stress and recovery process were determined. The results showed that chlorophyll content， photosynthetic rate and photosystem Ⅱ（PSⅡ） activity of the 2 alfalfa varieties decreased significantly under low temperature stress， while non-photochemical quenching factor （NPQ） increased significantly， but had no significant effect on photosystem Ⅰ （PSⅠ） activity； the chlorophyll of‘ Gannong 5’ was more sensitive to low temperature and its content decreased more. The activity of PSⅡ and photosynthetic rate of both varieties of alfalfa increased after 72 h recovery from room temperature but did not recover to the pre-treatment level； NPQ slowly decreased and dropped to the pre-treatment level， but NPQ of ‘Gannong 5’ was higher than that of ‘Xinmu 4’ during the recovery process， which indicated that ‘Gannong 5’ still had excess light energy production to be consumed through NPQ during the recovery process. The electron transport chain of alfalfa leaves was severely restricted at low temperature， and the restriction on the PS Ⅱ acceptor side at low temperatures was largely lifted after 72 h of recovery， while the PS Ⅱ donor side was significantly restricted after 72 h of recovery. The efficiency of energy captured per unit reaction centre for electron transfer （ETO/RC） and energy captured per unit reaction centre for reducing QA （TRO/RC） of both alfalfa varieties decreased significantly at 72 h of low temperature treatment and recovered to pre-treatment after lifting the low temperature， and there was no significant difference between the 2 varieties. The energy dissipated by the unit reaction center （DIO/RC） of both alfalfa varieties did not recover to the pre-treatment level， and the energy required for recovery of ‘Gannong 5’ at 72 h was significantly higher. In summary， low temperature stress significantly injured the photosynthetic machinery of alfalfa leaves reducing photosynthetic rate， which was not restored to pre-treatment levels and was strongly correlated with PSⅡ activity， and the site limiting photosynthetic recovery was on its donor side. Non-photochemical quenching was the main way to restore 24 h excess light energy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Carbon Source with Different Bioavailability on Vermicomposting Lingwei KONG, Kongtan WANG, Liwen MAI, Yupeng WU, Xiongfei WANG, Zhaobi WANG, Jiacong LIN, Qinfen LI Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (7): 199-209.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1026 Abstract （329）   HTML （3）    PDF （1919KB）（852）       Knowledge map    Save Traditional vermicomposting raw material formulation relies on mass ratio， volume ratio， or carbon nitroger ratio（C/N） formulation methods， which ignore the differences in bioavailable fractions of organic matter from different carbon sources and are irrational. To investigate the effects of different bioavailable carbon sources on the growth and reproduction of earthworms and carbon and nitrogen fixation of compost， this study conducted a 60 d vermicomposting experiment with a compound of cow manure （nitrogen source） and carbon source materials with low， medium and high bioavailability （pineapple peel residue， rice straw and tomato straw） at C/N 30. The results showed that the average daily increase of earthworms was up to 6.4 times. The highest humus content （15.11%） but the lowest total organic carbon fixation rate （39.63%） was found in the treatment with the easy-to-use carbon source pineapple peel residue； the highest total number of earthworms （385） and the highest total nitrogen fixation rate were found in the treatment group with the difficult-to-use carbon source tomato straw. The higher the proportion of carbon source waste with high bioavailability， the greater the earthworm weight gain； the higher the proportion of carbon source waste with low bioavailability， the higher it could promote earthworm reproduction； the total organic carbon fixation rate of earthworm manure after earthworm transformation ranged from 39.63% to 59.28%， and the total nitrogen fixation rate ranged from 65.04% to 95.59%. This study illustrated the effects of different carbon sources on earthworm production and carbon and nitrogen fixation， and provided a reference for the improvement of vermiculture and low-carbon solid waste composting process. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Mixed Saline-alkali Stress on Leaf Structure and Photosynthetic Fluorescence Properties of Jujube Min YAN, Yan WANG, Chengcheng WANG, Songchao GUO, Dengyang LU, Cuiyun WU Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (3): 57-65.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0865 Abstract （366）   HTML （8）    PDF （4292KB）（843）       Knowledge map    Save To further investigate the physiological response mechanisms of jujube to mixed saline-alkali stress， the experiment was conducted to simulate soil salinity stress by different concentrations of NaCl and NaHCO3 at full fruit period of Junzao， including 0， 60， 120， 180， 240 and 300 mmol·L-1. The changes of microstructure， ultrastructure， photosynthesis and fluorescence parameters of Junzao leaves under different stress levels were analyzed. The results showed that， with the increase of salt concentration， the leaf thickness， cuticle thickness， epidermal thickness and fenestrated tissue thickness of jujube showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing， and the thickness of spongy tissue and cell structure laxity gradually decreased. When salt concentrations was higher than 180 mmol·L-1， the number of osmiophilic particles in chloroplasts increased significantly， their size became larger， and the structure of stromal lamellae was loosened. Meanwhile， with the increase of stress level， net photosynthetic rate， stomatal conductance and transpiration rate gradually decreased， intercellular CO2 concentration increased， which indicated photosynthetic limitation was dominated by non-stomatal factors. Under high level treatments of 240 and 300 mmol·L-1， F0 significantly increased， while Fm， Fv/Fm， Fv/F0 significantly decreased， ABS/RC， TRo/RC and DIo/RC showed an overall trend of first decrease and then increase， and ETo/RC showed a continuous decreasing trend. In conclusion， higher saline-alkali stress could cause significant changes in the ultrastructure of Junzao leaves， inhibite the photosynthetic capacity， increase the size and number of osmiophilic vesicles， and appear the starch grains， which provided a theoretical basis for the in-depth study of the salt tolerance mechanism of jujube. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Amino Acid Content Analysis of Different Fresh Corn Varieties at Suitable Harvest Time Baishan LU, Hui DONG, Jiuran ZHAO, Li XU, Yanli FAN, Yaxing SHI, Ronghuan WANG Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2023, 25 (11): 132-142.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0680 Abstract （1548）   HTML （8）    PDF （544KB）（825）       Knowledge map    Save The amino acid content of 26 different fresh corn varieties was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）， and the similarity between different types of fresh corn and WHO/FAO standard amino acid model value was compared， and the amino acid content was analyzed by amino acid ratio coefficient method. The results showed that，the total amino acid content of the tested fresh corn varieties ranged from 6.85 to 16.66 mg·g-1， and Jingketian 533 （16.66 mg·g-1）， Jingkenuo 623 （12.01 mg·g-1） and Nongkenuo 336 （14.44 mg·g-1） was higher than other varieties of sweet， waxy， sweet+waxy type， respectively. Essential amino acids accounted for 10.38%~22.43%， and Jingketian 816 （17.39%）， Jingkenuo 656 （22.43%） and Nongkeyu 368 （18.16%） was higher than other varieties of sweet， waxy， sweet+waxy type， respectively. Analysis of flavor amino acids showed the content of fresh and sweet amino acids of Jingketian 533 and Nongkenuo 336 were higher than that of other varieties. The content of methionine+cysteine was higher than that of WHO/FAO standard mode， while the content of other amino acids were lower than the standard amino acid model value， belonging to the relative lack of amino acids. There were 6 varieties with amino acid ratio coefficient score （SRC） more than 50， including sweet corn varieties Jingketian 183 （58.17）， Jingketian 608 （57.79）， Jingketian 533 （53.32） and Jingketian 816 （53.03）， sweet+waxy corn varieties Nongkeyu 368（51.05） and Nongkenuo 336 （50.63）， indicating that their protein nutritional value was balanced and easy to be absorbed and utilized by the human body. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and Effect Evaluation of KASP Markers for Fiber Strength in Gossypium hirsutum L. Lihua LI, Zhengwen SUN, Huifeng KE, Qishen GU, Liqiang WU, Yan ZHANG, Guiyin ZHANG, Xingfen WANG Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (2): 46-55.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0818 Abstract （409）   HTML （6）    PDF （2064KB）（817）       Knowledge map    Save Fiber strength （FS） is an important indicator of fiber quality traits， and developing molecular markers associated with target traits would improve the selection accuracy and accelerate the process for breeding. The selected KASP markers were genotyped among 376 varieties （lines）， and then the polymorphism and the efficacy for higher strength were analyzed. 3 SNP markers showed polymorphic in the population， and the selection rate of FS-15 for high-strength fiber was 63.2% while FS-16 and FS-29 were 60.0% and 56.1%， respectively. Furthermore， the evaluation efficacy of different haplotype combination （Hap1， Hap2， Hap3 and Hap4） suggested that the accessions harboring Hap3 （TTA） showed higher fiber strength than those harboring other haplotypes. The selection rate of Hap3 for higher strength was 72.7%. In addition， Hap3 had no adverse effect on fiber length， boll weigh， seed index and lint index. The above results indicated these KASP markers and Hap3 could be used for selection of higher strength materials by providing genotypic information and did not adversely affect the fiber length， boll weight， seed index and lint index. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Improved YOLOv5 Model in Citrus Recognition in Natural Environment Jun TIE, Jie ZHAO, Lu ZHENG, Lifeng WU, Bowen HONG Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (7): 111-120.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0994 Abstract （378）   HTML （13）    PDF （5892KB）（811）       Knowledge map    Save Green citrus in complex natural environment had different growth forms and similar color to the background color， so a detection method based on hybrid attention mechanism and improved YOLOv5 model was proposed to effectively identify green citrus. Firstly， the method improved the network structure of YOLOv5 by adding a hybrid attention mechanism in the backbone network etc.， embedding SE （squeeze and excitation） attention in layer 2 and CA （coordinate attention） attention in layer 11 of the backbone network； secondly， it improved the feature fusion structure of the network model， the lower branch was placed before the model C3 module， by combining the YOLOv5 model and concat feature fusion operation，and then the features were fused with another upper branch； finally， the classification loss function of the model was improved， and the classification loss function of the YOLOv5 model was changed to Varifocal Loss function to enhance the extraction of green citrus feature information and improve the accuracy of green citrus detection. According to the natural environment and the characteristics of the citrus itself， the self-built dataset was classified and 3 sets of comparison tests of citrus under different classification scenarios were designed to verify its effectiveness. The test results showed that the improved YOLOv5-SC model had higher precision and better robustness for the recognition of green citrus in natural environment， which accuracy was 91.74%， average accuracy was 95.09%， and F1 was 89.56%， and it provided technical support for smart picking of green fruits. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Sand Fixation Using Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation on Leaf Traits and Physiological Characteristics of Typical Psammophytes Hongshuo ZHAO, Hongyu CAO, Guanglei GAO, Zhe SUN, Ying ZHANG, Guodong DING Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology    2024, 26 (6): 170-182.   DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0420 Abstract （245）   HTML （1）    PDF （6571KB）（806）       Knowledge map    Save Microorganism induced carbonate precipitation （MICP） can fill soil pores， reduce water evaporation and enhance the wind erosion resistance of aeolian sandy soil. Its effect of wind prevention and sand fixation has been confirmed， but its impact on the leaf characteristics and growth physiological process of sandy plants is not clear. In order to reveal the effect of micro-organism-induced calcium carbonate precipitation and sand fixation on the leaf characteristics and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of desert plants， the indoor pot experiment was carried out with 4 kinds of desert plants， namely， Agriophyllum squarostrum， Astragalus laxmannii， Caragana korshinskii and Corethrodendron fruticosum as the research objects. The leaf characteristics and physiological characteristics of desert plants with high （H）， middle （M） and low （L） microbial agent levels and top （T）， centre （C） and bottom （B） of consolidation layer were compared and analyzed. The results were followed. ① Microorganism induced carbonate was distributed among the aeolian sand particles， and it was cubic， rhombic， spherical and amorphous， which could cement the aeolian sand particles. ② The microbial agent treatment significantly increased the soil organic matter and calcium carbonate contents of 4 types of sandy plants. When high level of microbial agents were applied， the soil organic matter and calcium carbonate contents of consolidation B layer treatment group were significantly higher than those of the other treatment groups. The organic matter content in the soil of A. laxmannii increased the most， reaching to 90.19%， while the calcium carbonate content in the soil of C. korshinskii increased the most， reaching to 41.47%. ③ The specific leaf area of A. squarostrum in high level microbial agent treatment group was significantly higher than those in other treatment groups， average increase of 0.98%； and the dry matter contents of A. squarostrum and A. laxmannii in low level microbial agent treatment group were significantly higher than those in other treatment groups， with an average increase of 34.11% and 24.18%， respectively. In the consolidation layer C treatment group， the specific leaf areas of A. squarostrum， A. laxmannii and C. korshinskii were significantly lower than those in the other treatment groups. ④ The content of chlorophyll in leaves of A. squarostrum， A. laxmannii and C. korshinskii under the high level microbial agent treatment group were significantly higher than those in the other treatment groups， with an average increase of 9.01%， 12.97%， and 31.77%， respectively； and the maximum net photosynthetic rates of the middle level microbial agent treatment group were significantly higher than those in the other treatment groups， with an average increase of 55.70%， 48.39% and 13.24%， respectively. In conclusion， the application of microbial agent could increase the contents of soil organic matter and calcium carbonate， provided sufficient nutrients for plant growth. Therefore， the photosynthetic physiological characteristics of A. membranaceus， A. obliquus， and C. caragana under the microbial agent treatment groups were significantly higher than those of control. However， the response of plant leaf traits to soil organic matter and calcium carbonate content was not significant. MICP could promote the leaf traits and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of A. squarostrum under the middle level microbial agent treatment and the high level treatment of A. laxmannii and C. korshinskii， but could inhibit the leaf traits and physiological characteristics of C. fruticosum. Above results provided theoretical basis and scientific support for enriching and improving the technology of microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation and sand fixation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics