自走式大蒜正芽播种施肥机设计与试验

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0266

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对当前大蒜种植机械化程度低的现状，设计了一款自走式大蒜正芽播种施肥一体化机具，并进行了初步的田间试验。机具采用链勺方式实现大蒜单粒取种和输送，采用平行四连杆和双鸭嘴结构实现正芽栽植，采用外槽轮排肥器实现肥料供给，基于液压装置实现后尾架及其附属单粒取种和正芽栽植系统举升，满足运输和播施状态切换，并具有机具原位调头能力。在大蒜种植株距为120 mm，正芽栽植器周向安装6只插播鸭嘴条件下，确定栽植圆盘半径为162.5 mm，并据此设计鸭嘴打开圆盘边缘曲线；基于ANSYS Workbench，在评估机架静力学、模态及频率响应的基础上对机架和后尾架组合体进行型材优选，实现结构性能提升和减重。田间试验结果表明，机具整体上适宜播种深度约为6 cm，不宜将其用于较浅深度下的播种作业；播种深度为6 cm条件下，播种速度高于15 m·min^-1时重播率低于3.0%，播种速度大于18 m·min^-1时漏播率高于5%，机具适宜播种速度约15 m·min^-1；此时，对应机具播种正芽率高于85%，播深合格率高于90%，能有效保证符合深度的大蒜正芽栽植；较大的预设施肥深度能够取得更高的施肥稳定系数，当施肥深度大于5 cm时，施肥稳定系数接近0.95，施肥稳定性较好。整机在播施功能的实现上达到了预定要求。

关键词: 大蒜正芽播种, 播施一体, 自走式, 结构优化, 田间试验

Abstract:

Taking into account the current low mechanization status of garlic planting， a self-propelled garlic vertically-planting and fertilizing integrated machine was invented， and early field experiments were conducted. The machine used seed spoons and garlic chains to work together to fetch and transport each of the garlic seeds， and used a parallel four-link structure to vertically plant the garlic seeds and an outer groove wheel fertilizer discharger to achieve fertilizer supply. By using a hydraulic system， the single-seed picking system and the garlic vertically-planting system attached to the rear tailstock frame could meet the needs of switching between transportation and planting states， and the whole machine could be held up to accomplish in-situ turning. The radius of the planting disc was determined to be 162.5 mm when the distance between garlic plants was 120 mm and 6 duck beaks were installed in the circumferential direction of the vertically-planting system， and the edge curve of the duck beak opening disc was determined accordingly. In order to increase structural performance and save weight， the frame and tailstock assembly were profile-optimized using ANSYS Workbench based on the study of the frame’s statics， modal and frequency response. Field experiments showed that the machine’s appropriate planting depth was about 6 cm， and it shouldn’t be utilized for planting operations at lesser depths. In the circumstance of seeding depth of 6 cm， when the planting rate was greater than 15 m·min^-1， the reseeding rate was less than 3.0%， and when the planting rate was greater than 18 m·min^-1， the missing planting rate was greater than 5%. Overall， the machine’s acceptable planting rate was about 15 m·min^-1， with the corresponding vertically planting rate about 85%， and the pass rate of planting depth generally greater than 90%， which effectively ensured that the garlic seeds could be vertically planted in appropriate planting depth. When the fertilization depth was greater than 5 cm， the fertilization stability coefficient was close to 0.95， indicating that relatively strong fertilization stability could be attained. The entire machine had met the predetermined conditions in the vertically-planting and fertilizing integrated function.

Key words: vertically-planting of garlic, planting and fertilizing integrated, self-propelled, structural optimization, field experiments

中图分类号:

TP391.41

代祥, 宋海潮, 苏川. 自走式大蒜正芽播种施肥机设计与试验[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2025, 27(9): 131-144.

Xiang DAI, Haichao SONG, Chuan SU. Design and Experiment of Self-propelled Garlic Vertically-planting and Fertilizing Integrated Machine[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(9): 131-144.

图/表 19

图1 整机结构及虚拟样机模型注：1—动力系统；2—自动施肥系统；3—单粒取种系统；4—液压系统；5—机架；6—自动施药系统；7—正芽栽植系统；8—后尾架。

Fig. 1 Overall structure diagram and the virtual prototypeNote： 1—Power system； 2—Automatic fertilization system； 3—Single-seed fetching system； 4—Hydraulic system； 5—Frame； 6—Automatic pesticide spraying system； 7—Vertically-planting system； 8—Tailstock frame.

表1 机具技术参数

Table 1 Technical parameters for the prototype

参数 Parameter	数值 Value
整机尺寸Overall size/mm	2 360×1 150×1 050
播种行数Number of seeded rows	5
施肥行数Number of fertilization rows	4
播种行距Seeding row spacing/mm	180
标准株距Standard plant spacing （D_P）/mm	120
理论播种速度Theoretical seeding rate（V_b） /（m·min^-1）	10~20
理论播种深度Theoretical seeding depth/cm	<6
作业生产率Working productivity	0.08
施肥深度Fertilization depth/cm	<6
施药喷头数Number of nozzles	2

图2 机具传动系统注： a~h、 j~n均为传动链轮。

Fig. 2 Transmission systemNote： a~h， j~n are drive sprockets.

图3 正芽栽植系统注：1—正芽栽植动力主轴；2， 7—第1栽植圆盘；3—插播鸭嘴；4—接种鸭嘴打开器；5—鸭嘴打开圆盘；6—鸭嘴打开轴承；8—鸭嘴安装曲轴；9—第2栽植圆盘；10—曲轴回转轴承；11—栽植器安装轴承。

Fig. 3 Vertically-planting systemNote：1—Power shaft of the system； 2， 7—The first planting disc； 3—Insert duck bills； 4—Inoculate duckbill opening disc； 5—Opener disc for duckbill； 6—Duckbill opening disc bearing； 8—Duckbill mounted crankshaft； 9—The second planting disc； 10—Crankshaft slewing bearing； 11—Planter mounted bearings.

图4 插播鸭嘴及鸭嘴打开圆盘的设计过程注：1—鸭嘴活动部分；2—鸭嘴固定部分；3—鸭嘴打开轴承；4—鸭嘴打开圆盘；5—曲轴回转轴承；6—鸭嘴安装曲轴；7—第1栽植圆盘。

Fig. 4 Plant duckbills and the design process of the disc type duckbill openerNote：1—Moving part of duckbill； 2—Static part of duckbill； 3—Duckbill opening bearing； 4—Duckbill opening disc； 5—Crankshaft slewing bearing； 6—Duckbill mounted crankshaft； 7—The first planting disc.

表2 插播鸭嘴动作时序表

Table 2 Action timing table for duckbill

序号

Action phase

鸭嘴整体位置

Position of duckbill

鸭嘴打开轴承相对位置

Position of duckbill opening disc bearing

鸭嘴状态

Status of duckbill

对应边缘曲线

Corresponding edge curve

Ⅰ

最低端逐步上移

Moving up from the bottom

从C点运动至D点

From position C to D

鸭嘴逐步打开

Duckbill opening gradually

d₂~d₃

Ⅱ

逐步上移

Moving up

D点

Position D

鸭嘴完全打开

Duckbill opened completely

d₃~d₄

Ⅲ

逐步上移

Moving up

从D点运动至C点

From position D to C

鸭嘴逐步关闭

Duckbill closing gradually

d₄~d₅

Ⅳ

逐步运动至最低端

Cycle to the very bottom

C点

Position C

鸭嘴完全关闭

Duckbill closed completely

d₅~d₆~d₇~d₁

图5 种箱和单粒取种机构注：1—蒜种护筒；2—第3链轮；3—取种链条；4—种勺；5—蒜箱；6—第2链轮；7—第1链轮；8—种槽；9—防漏筒；10—安装支架。

Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the garlic storage tank and the single-garlic picking mechanismNote： 1—Garlic seed guard； 2—The third sprocket； 3—Seed chain； 4—Seed spoon； 5—Garlic box； 6—The second sprocket； 7—The first sprocket； 8—Seed groove； 9—Leak-proof cylinder； 10—Mounting bracket.

图6 举升机构形式及其受力分析注：1—机架；2—后尾架举升液压缸；3—后尾架。

Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of lifting mechanism and force analysisNote：1—Frame； 2—Tailstock frame lifting Hydraulic cylinders； 3—Tailstock frame.

图7 机架和后尾架组合体载荷和约束注：1—施肥系统承力点；2—变速箱和液压源承力点；3—发动机和减速箱承力点；4—大液压缸承力点；5—施药系统承力点；6—种箱和单粒取种机构以及正芽栽植系统承力点。

Fig. 7 Loads and constraints of rear tailstock assemblyNote： 1—Bearing position of fertilization system； 2—Bearing position of gearbox and hydraulic source； 3—Bearing position of engine and reducer； 4—Bearing position of main hydraulic cylinder； 5—Bearing position of pesticide application system； 6—Bearing position of storage tank， single-seed fetching and vertically-planting system.

图8 静态试验方式

Fig. 8 Bench test mode

表3 多因素正芽栽植试验设计

Table 3 Design of multifactor positive bud planting experiment

水平 Level	因素Factor
水平 Level	A：播种速度Seeding speed/（m·min^-1）	B：播种深度Seeding depth/cm
1	12	4
2	15	5
3	18	6

图9 鸭嘴尖点轨迹变化曲线

Fig. 9 Trajectory diagram of duckbill tip point varying

图10 完整边缘曲线

Fig. 10 Complete edge curve

表4 不同结构尺寸机架和后尾架组合体导致的机架最大等效应力和固有频率

Table 4 Maximum equivalent stress and natural frequencies caused by the structure of frame and rear tailstock assembly of differing structural sizes

编号NO.	钢材型号（高×宽×厚）^［23］ Steel type （height×width×thickness）/mm^［23］		最大等效应力 Maximum equivalent stress/MPa	1阶固有频率Natural frequency of the 1^st order/Hz	2阶固有频率Natural frequency of the 2^nd order/Hz	3阶固有频率Natural frequency of the 3^rd order/Hz	4阶固有频率Natural frequency of the 4^th order/Hz	5阶固有频率Natural frequency of the 5^th order/Hz	6阶固有频率Natural frequency of the 6^th order/Hz	机架和后尾架合计质量Total mass of frame and tailstock frame/kg
编号NO.	机架 Frame	后尾架Tailstock frame	最大等效应力 Maximum equivalent stress/MPa	1阶固有频率Natural frequency of the 1^st order/Hz	2阶固有频率Natural frequency of the 2^nd order/Hz	3阶固有频率Natural frequency of the 3^rd order/Hz	4阶固有频率Natural frequency of the 4^th order/Hz	5阶固有频率Natural frequency of the 5^th order/Hz	6阶固有频率Natural frequency of the 6^th order/Hz	机架和后尾架合计质量Total mass of frame and tailstock frame/kg
1	40×40×3	40×40×3	563.10	14.36	28.55	33.52	46.46	61.00	65.14	61.44
2	40×40×4	40×40×3	308.20	18.23	27.44	38.96	55.05	66.75	68.97	69.68
3	40×40×4	40×40×4	281.40	13.57	17.22	36.68	58.97	60.24	86.20	75.29
4	50×50×4	50×50×3	273.50	12.52	16.58	34.53	57.68	61.23	79.65	86.15
5	50×50×4	50×50×4	259.23	11.71	16.75	33.95	59.63	62.34	82.34	93.69

图11 机架和后尾架组合体最大等效应力云图

Fig. 11 Maximum equivalent stress nephogram of the frame and rear tailstock assembly

图12 机架和后尾架组合体低阶振型位移云图

Fig. 12 Displacement nephogram of low-order vibrations of the frame and rear tailstock assembly

图13 后尾架种箱安装侧面各方向频率响应

Fig. 13 Frequency response of differing directions on the side of rear tailstock seed box installation

表5 不同播种速度下试验结果

Table 5 Test results at different drilling rates

机具行进速度Prototype moving speed/（m·min^-1）	取种速度/（株·s^-1） Seeds fetching speed/（plant·s^-1）	播种深度 Seeding depth/cm	重播率P_C/%		漏播率P_L/%		合格率P_H/%		正芽率P_Z/%		播深合格率P_S/%
机具行进速度Prototype moving speed/（m·min^-1）	取种速度/（株·s^-1） Seeds fetching speed/（plant·s^-1）	播种深度 Seeding depth/cm	S	F	S	F	S	F	S	F	S	F
12	1.67	4	5.6	3.8	6.0	7.8	88.4	88.4	—	80.7	—	86.6
12	1.67	5	6.8	4.6	4.2	6.2	89.0	89.2	—	84.5	—	92.5
12	1.67	6	7.2	5.3	2.2	3.5	90.6	91.2	—	86.6	—	93.5
15	2.08	4	4.1	2.7	5.9	8.5	90.0	88.8	—	79.4	—	90.6
15	2.08	5	5.0	2.6	3.4	6.9	91.6	90.5	—	84.3	—	91.4
15	2.08	6	5.2	3.0	2.5	4.0	92.3	93.0	—	85.3	—	92.8
18	2.50	4	2.8	2.0	9.4	10.8	87.8	87.2	—	80.2	—	91.3
18	2.50	5	3.9	2.2	5.9	7.5	90.2	90.3	—	84.0	—	92.1
18	2.50	6	4.3	2.5	3.1	5.1	92.6	92.4	—	84.8	—	92.5

图14 不同预设施肥深度下施肥效果

Fig.14 Fertilization efficacy under differing prefabricated fertilizer depths

参考文献 25

[1]	柳平增, 张艳, 张超, 等. 我国大蒜市场与产业调查分析报告[J]. 农产品市场, 2021(11): 55-56.
[2]	孔素萍, 孙敬强, 吴雄, 等. 大蒜主要农艺性状变异特征及其与产量相关构成分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(6): 1240-1248.
	KONG S P, SUN J Q, WU X, et al.. Analysis of relationship between variations of main agronomic traits and yield in garlic [J]. Sci. Agric. Sin., 2015, 48(6): 1240-1248.
[3]	崔荣江, 黄嘉宝, 张振河, 等. 大蒜机械化播种技术研究现状[J]. 农业装备与车辆工程, 2018, 56(6): 54-56.
	CUI R J, HUANG J B, ZHANG Z H, et al.. Research status of garlic mechanized sowing technology [J]. Agric. Equip. Veh. Eng., 2018, 56(6): 54-56.
[4]	代祥, 宋海潮, 于林惠, 等. 自走式大蒜播种施肥一体机优化设计与试验[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2023, 44(7): 16-25.
	DAI X, SONG H C, YU L H, et al.. Optimized design and experiment of the self-propelled garlic drilling and fertilizing integrated machine [J]. J. Chin. Agric. Mech., 2023, 44(7): 16-25.
[5]	信嘉程. 基于视觉识别的大蒜正芽机构设计与试验研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江理工大学, 2023.
	XIN J C. Design and experimental study of positive bud garlic mechanism based on visual recognition [D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 2023.
[6]	栗晓宇. 大蒜播种关键技术与装置的研究[D]. 泰安: 山东农业大学, 2019.
	LI X Y. Research on key technologies and devices of garlic planting [D]. Tai’an: Shandong Agriculture University, 2022.
[7]	田林. 基于图像识别技术的蒜种定向装置设计与试验[D]. 泰安: 山东农业大学, 2020.
	TIAN L. Design and experiment of garlic seed orientation device based on image recognition technology [D]. Tai’an: Shandong Agriculture University, 2020.
[8]	荐世春, 刘云东. 大蒜播种机蒜瓣自动定向控制装置的试验研究[J]. 农业装备与车辆工程, 2009, 47(10): 28-29, 37.
	JIAN S C, LIU Y D. Experimental research on the garlic clove automatic orientation control device of garlic planting machine [J]. Agric. Equip. Veh. Eng., 2009, 47(10): 28-29, 37.
[9]	张欣艳. 勺夹式大蒜精量播种装置作用机理与参数试验研究[D]. 大庆: 黑龙江八一农垦大学, 2022.
	ZHANG X Y. Experimental study on mechanism and parameters of key components of spoon-clip garlic precision seeding device [D]. Daqing: Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 2022.
[10]	唐通鸣, 邹帅, 刘勇兰, 等. 振动筛排种器在大蒜播种机中的应用[J]. 农机化研究, 2015, 37(12): 92-96.
	TANG T M, ZOU S, LIU Y L, et al.. The application of vibration sieve and metering device in the garlic seeder upright screening device [J]. J. Agric. Mech. Res., 2015, 37(12): 92-96.
[11]	耿爱军, 栗晓宇, 侯加林, 等. 自动定向大蒜播种机的设计与试验[J]. 农业工程学报, 2018, 34(11): 17-25.
	GENG A J, LI X Y, HOU J L, et al.. Design and experiment of automatic directing garlic planter [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 2018, 34(11): 17-25.
[12]	李天华, 黄圣海, 牛子孺, 等. 行星轮式大蒜插播机播种直立度优化与试验[J]. 农业工程学报, 2020, 36(3): 37-45.
	LI T H, HUANG S H, NIU Z R, et al.. Optimization and experiment of planting perpendicularity of planetary wheel garlic planter [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 2020, 36(3): 37-45.
[13]	栗晓宇, 耿爱军, 侯加林, 等. 全自动蒜种盒提取投放装置设计与试验[J]. 农业工程学报, 2017, 33(23): 32-37.
	LI X Y, GENG A J, HOU J L, et al.. Design and experiment of full-automatic lifting and releasing device of garlic seed box [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 2017, 33(23): 32-37.
[14]	崔荣江, 王小瑜, 信嘉程, 等. 弧形鸭嘴式大蒜正芽播种机设计与试验[J]. 农业机械学报, 2022, 53(11): 120-130.
	CUI R J, WANG X Y, XIN J C, et al.. Design and test of arc duck-billed garlic seed planter [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach., 2022, 53(11): 120-130.
[15]	谢东波. 扰种齿辅助气吸式大蒜排种器设计与试验[D]. 合肥: 安徽农业大学, 2021.
	XIE D B. Design and test of garlic seed placer with seed disturbing tooth assisted air suction [D]. Hefei: Anhui Agricultural University, 2022.
[16]	DING Y G, LI H, GAO J F, et al.. Parameter optimization of finger clip plate garlic seed-metering device [J/OL]. Agriculture, 2023, 13(11): 2071 [2024-03-03]. .
[17]	崔荣江, 辛丽, 朱月浩, 等. 一种自走式大蒜播种机械设备: CN215073870U[P]. 2021-12-10.
[18]	郭佳皓. 山东大蒜主产区全程机械化生产效率调查研究[D]. 保定: 河北农业大学, 2021.
	GUO J H. Investigation and study on the whole mechanized operation efficiency in garlic producing areas of Shandong province [D]. Baoding: Hebei Agriculture University, 2020.
[19]	金文忻, 刘永华, 张东凤, 等. 大蒜直立种植装置设计与试验[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2020, 41(6): 37-42.
	JIN W X, LIU Y H, ZHANG D F, et al.. Design and test of vertical planting device for garlic [J]. J. Chin. Agric. Mech., 2020, 41(6): 37-42.
[20]	侯加林, 黄圣海, 牛子孺, 等. 双鸭嘴式大蒜正头装置调头机理分析与试验[J]. 农业机械学报, 2018, 49(11): 87-96.
	HOU J L, HUANG S H, NIU Z R, et al.. Mechanism analysis and test of adjusting garlics upwards using two duckbill devices [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach., 2018, 49(11): 87-96.
[21]	李天华, 张海阔, 韩相龙, 等. 勺链式大蒜播种机漏取种检测与补种装置设计及试验[J]. 农业工程学报, 2022, 38(4): 24-32.
	LI T H, ZHANG H K, HAN X L, et al.. Design and experiment of missing seed detection and the reseeding device for spoon chain garlic seeders [J]. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 2022, 38(4): 24-32.
[22]	刘泽松, 王浩屹, 李骅, 等. 基于有限元的大蒜播种机机架轻量化设计[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2022, 43(1): 27-32.
	LIU Z S, WANG H Y, LI H, et al.. Lightweight design of a garlic planter frame based on finite element method [J]. J. Chin. Agric. Mech., 2022, 43(1): 27-32.
[23]	钱伟中, 王大齐, 朱少文, 等. 结构用冷弯空心型钢尺寸、外形、重量及允许偏差: [S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2002.
[24]	杨兆文, 刘星福, 李问盈. 单粒(精密)播种机试验方法: [S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2005.
[25]	栗慧卿, 王永建, 崇峻, 等. 大蒜播种机通用技术规范: [S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2019.