Effects of Water and Fertilizer Coupling on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Rice Soil and Yield Based on Soil Organic Reconstruction

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0850

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to study the effects of water and fertilizer coupling on soil physical and chemical properties and rice yield in organically reconstituted soil， the organically reconstituted soil at Xiayukou of Hancheng in Shaanxi was experimental field， and nine treatments were set including 3 irrigation levels including high water 4 500 m³·hm^-2 （W1）， suitable water 3 750 m³·hm^-2 （W2）， water saving 3 000 m³·hm^-2 （W3） and 3 fertilization levels induding high fertilizer 162 kg·hm^-2 （F1）， medium fertilizer 135 kg·hm^-2 （F2） and low fertilizer 108 kg·hm^-2 （F3）. The physical and chemical properties of soil and the growth and yield of rice were determined in different treatments. The results showed that the content of total porosity， macro-aggregates， water-stable aggregates and micro-aggregates in soil treated with W2F1 were higher with 48.16%， 92.42%， 28.47% and 3.52%， respectively； the soil pH and electrical conductivity were lower with 7.8 and 173 μs·cm^-1， respectively， which had a better effect on improving physical properties of soil. The contents of organic matter， NH $4 +$ -N， available phosphorus and available potassium of soil in W2F2 treatment were 14.35 g·kg^-1， 37.32 mg·kg^-1， 19.62 mg·kg^-1 and 145.64 mg·kg^-1， respectively， which were all at high levels. So， the number of ears per square meter， 100-grain weight， theoretical yield and actual yield were the highest in W2F2 treatment， which were 352 m^-2， 2.03 g， 30.82 kg·hm^-2 and 25.28 kg·hm^-2， respectively. And the net income of W2F2 treatment reached 9 506 yuan·hm^-2， and the input-output ratio was 0.63， which was the smallest. Based on economic benefits， the W2F2 treatment was the most productive treatment under the experimental conditions， which provided theoretical reference for the application of soil organic reconstruction technology.

Key words: soil organic reconstruction, water and fertilizer coupling, rice, physical properties, soil nutrients, yield

摘要：

为研究不同水肥耦合条件对有机重构土体土壤理化性质以及水稻生长发育和产量的影响，以陕西省韩城市下峪口土体有机重构土壤为试验基础，设置了3个灌溉水平：高水4 500 m³·hm^-2（W1）、适水3 750 m³·hm^-2（W2）和节水3 000 m³·hm^-2（W3）；3个施肥水平：高肥162 kg·hm^-2（F1）、中肥135 kg·hm^-2（F2）以及低肥108 kg·hm^-2（F3），共计9个处理，研究不同处理下土壤的理化性质以及水稻生长发育和产量的差异。结果表明，W2F1处理对土壤物理性质的改善效果较好，其土壤总孔隙度、大团聚体、水稳性团聚体以及微团聚体分别为48.16%、92.42%、28.47%和3.52%，均处在较高水平；且土壤pH和电导率均低于其他处理，分别为7.8和173 μs·cm^-1。W2F2处理的保肥性能最佳，其土壤有机质含量、NH $4 +$ -N含量、有效磷和速效钾含量分别为14.35 g·kg^-1、37.32 mg·kg^-1、19.62 mg·kg^-1和145.64 mg·kg^-1，均处于较高水平；且水稻每平方米穗数、百粒重、产量均最高，分别为352 m^-2、2.03 g和25.28 kg·hm^-2，净收益达9 506元·hm^-2，投入产出比最小，为0.63。由此可见，产量和经济效益都表明，W2F2处理为本试验条件下最高产处理，为土体有机重构技术的推广提供理论依据。

关键词: 土体有机重构, 水肥耦合, 水稻, 物理性质, 土壤养分, 产量

CLC Number:

S156.4

Zhenjia HE, Wangtao FAN, Yichun DU, Qilong WANG. Effects of Water and Fertilizer Coupling on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Rice Soil and Yield Based on Soil Organic Reconstruction[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2022, 24(3): 176-185.

何振嘉, 范王涛, 杜宜春, 王启龙. 基于土体有机重构的水肥耦合对土壤理化性质和水稻产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2022, 24(3): 176-185.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1 Soil physical and chemical indicators in the test area

土层 Soil layer/cm	土壤粒径比例 Proportion soil particle size/%			pH	电导率Conductivity/（μs·cm^-1）	有机质含量 Organic matter content/ （g·kg^-1）	全氮含量 Total nitrogen content/ （g·kg^-1）	有效磷含量Available phosphorus content/ （mg·kg^-1）	速效钾含量Available potassium content/ （mg·kg^-1）
土层 Soil layer/cm	（2～0.02］ mm	（0.02～ 0.002］ mm	<0.002 mm	pH	电导率Conductivity/（μs·cm^-1）	有机质含量 Organic matter content/ （g·kg^-1）	全氮含量 Total nitrogen content/ （g·kg^-1）	有效磷含量Available phosphorus content/ （mg·kg^-1）	速效钾含量Available potassium content/ （mg·kg^-1）
0—10	14.19	72.52	13.29	8.36±0.12	266.5±11.38	6.83±0.17	0.71±0.04	6.28±1.02	132.45±3.28
10—20	13.50	74.27	12.16	8.34±0.25	229.6±15.54	5.59±0.25	0.94±0.05	4.56±0.86	98.54±9.65
20—30	12.37	76.51	11.12	8.24±0.18	152.7±22.45	4.13±0.12	0.50±0.02	4.21±0.45	67.36±11.25

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of soil organic reconstruction

Table 2 Amount of irrigation in different growth periods

处理Treatment

返青期

Rejuvenation period

分蘖期

Tillering stage

拔节期

Jointing period

抽穗期

Heading date

成熟期

Maturity

灌水总量

Irrigation amount

Table 3 Amount of fertilization in different growth stages

处理 Treatment	肥料类型Fertilizer type	基肥 Base fertilizer	分蘖期 Tillering stage	抽穗期 Heading stage	成熟期 Maturity stage	施肥总量Fertilization amount
F1	N	15.0	35.4	14.4	7.2	72.0
	P₂O₅	20.0	28.0	12.5	—	60.0
	K₂O	15.0	—	16.25	—	30.0
F2	N	15.0	27.0	12.0	6.0	60.0
	P₂O₅	20.0	20.0	10.0	—	50.0
	K₂O	15.0	—	10.0	—	25.0
F3	N	15.0	18.6	9.6	4.8	48.0
	P₂O₅	20.0	12.0	8.0	—	40.0
	K₂O	15.0	—	5.0	—	20.0

Table 4 Soil physical properties of organically reconstituted soil under coupling of water and fertilizer

处理 Treatment	pH	电导率 Conductivity/ （μs·cm^-1）	总孔隙度 Total porosity/%	大团聚体 Large aggregates/%	水稳性团聚体 Water stable aggregates/%	微团聚体Microaggregates/ %
W1F1	8.1±0.2 a	209±12.35 b	48.47±3.23 ab	92.38±2.74 b	28.58±1.65 a	3.47±0.07 b
W1F2	8.1±0.2 a	195±11.77 b	48.54±3.14 ab	91.19±2.67 c	25.68±1.32 b	3.35±0.11 bc
W1F3	8.0±0.2 a	244±13.33 a	46.32±3.22 c	91.22±2.32 c	24.84±1.56 c	3.23±0.08 c
W2F1	7.8±0.1 a	173±11.02 c	48.16±3.14 ab	92.42±2.17 b	28.47±1.42 a	3.52±0.13 ab
W2F2	7.9±0.1 b	178±12.87 c	47.43±2.84 b	93.54±2.44 a	28.68±2.05 a	3.43±0.13 b
W2F3	8.2±0.1 a	187±15.47 c	46.78±2.58 c	93.35±2.83 a	26.87±1.76 ab	3.30±0.11 c
W3F1	8.0±0.1 a	197±14.54 b	49.77±3.32 a	91.66±2.58 c	28.84±1.83 a	3.62±0.18 a
W3F2	7.9±0.1 a	200±14.57 b	48.72±2.98 ab	92.54±2.55 b	24.18±1.69 c	3.55±0.10 ab
W3F3	8.0±0.1 a	229±15.74 b	47.68±3.09 b	90.74±2.34 d	23.78±1.56 c	3.34±0.12 c
灌水 Water	NS	**	NS	NS	NS	*
施肥 Fertilizer	*	*	*	*	*	**
Water×fertilizer	NS	*	NS	*	*	**

Table 5 Soil nutrients of organically reconstituted soil under coupling of water and fertilizer

处理 Treatment	有机质 Organic matter/ （g·kg^-1）	NO $3 -$ N/ （mg·kg^-1）	NH $4 +$ N/ （mg·kg^-1）	有效磷Available phosphorus/ （mg·kg^-1）	速效钾Available potassium/ （mg·kg^-1）
W1F1	9.15±1.42 d	112.43±4.32 b	31.21±2.46 b	12.62±1.42 d	123.42±8.42 c
W1F2	8.74±1.03 d	102.42±2.13 c	32.32±2.17 b	13.32±0.97 d	125.27±6.67 c
W1F3	12.85±1.18 b	109.60±4.12 c	21.76±2.11 c	10.69±1.12 d	120.17±8.87 c
W2F1	14.42±1.13 a	110.43±2.25 b	40.73±2.54 a	20.41±1.96 a	143.32±8.38 a
W2F2	14.35±1.26 a	112.45±4.68 b	37.32±2.87 a	19.62±1.88 a	145.64±9.21 a
W2F3	12.73±1.17 b	122.21±4.32 a	32.42±2.43 b	17.25±1.76 b	138.78±9.32 b
W3F1	10.66±0.97 c	128.21±2.19 a	29.53±2.26 b	15.52±1.03 c	132.42±7.87 b
W3F2	11.98±1.22 c	119.60±4.12 ab	21.76±2.11 c	14.69±1.12 c	120.17±8.87 c
W3F3	12.84±1.03 b	129.01±1.65 a	23.23±1.95 c	14.62±0.89 c	131.25±5.64 b
灌水 Water	*	*	NS	*	*
施肥 Fertilizer	*	NS	*	*	*
Water×fertilizer	**	NS	*	*	*

Table 5 Soil nutrients of organically reconstituted soil under coupling of water and fertilizer

处理 Treatment	有机质 Organic matter/ （g·kg^-1）	NO $3 -$ N/ （mg·kg^-1）	NH $4 +$ N/ （mg·kg^-1）	有效磷Available phosphorus/ （mg·kg^-1）	速效钾Available potassium/ （mg·kg^-1）
W1F1	9.15±1.42 d	112.43±4.32 b	31.21±2.46 b	12.62±1.42 d	123.42±8.42 c
W1F2	8.74±1.03 d	102.42±2.13 c	32.32±2.17 b	13.32±0.97 d	125.27±6.67 c
W1F3	12.85±1.18 b	109.60±4.12 c	21.76±2.11 c	10.69±1.12 d	120.17±8.87 c
W2F1	14.42±1.13 a	110.43±2.25 b	40.73±2.54 a	20.41±1.96 a	143.32±8.38 a
W2F2	14.35±1.26 a	112.45±4.68 b	37.32±2.87 a	19.62±1.88 a	145.64±9.21 a
W2F3	12.73±1.17 b	122.21±4.32 a	32.42±2.43 b	17.25±1.76 b	138.78±9.32 b
W3F1	10.66±0.97 c	128.21±2.19 a	29.53±2.26 b	15.52±1.03 c	132.42±7.87 b
W3F2	11.98±1.22 c	119.60±4.12 ab	21.76±2.11 c	14.69±1.12 c	120.17±8.87 c
W3F3	12.84±1.03 b	129.01±1.65 a	23.23±1.95 c	14.62±0.89 c	131.25±5.64 b
灌水 Water	*	*	NS	*	*
施肥 Fertilizer	*	NS	*	*	*
Water×fertilizer	**	NS	*	*	*

Table 6 Rice growth and yield in organically reconstituted soil under coupling of water and fertilizer

处理Treatment	株高 Plant height/cm	分蘖数Number of tillers	单穗穗粒数Number of grains per spike	每平方米穗数Ears per square meter	百粒重 100 grain weight/g	理论产量 Theoretical output /（kg·hm^-2）	实际产量 Actual production /（kg·hm^-2）
W1F1	75.43±2.6 a	18.64±1.5 a	93±3.2 b	336±13.7 b	1.74±0.03 c	5 440.5±155.23 b	4 961.25±150.65 bc
W1F2	74.22±3.6 ab	17.53±1.3 ab	96±2.8 ab	312±14.8 c	1.86±0.04 b	5 573.25±152.25 b	4 842.00±142.36 bc
W1F3	70.26±2.8 c	16.33±1.2 b	97±2.6 ab	311±14.5 b	1.89±0.03 b	5 703.75±142.36 ab	5 118.75±135.74 b
W2F1	75.18±3.1 a	14.25±1.1 cd	90±2.6 c	308±13.3 d	1.92±0.02 ab	6 000.75±136.54 ab	5 403.25±125.69 ab
W2F2	73.28±3.3 ab	15.25±1.1 c	97±3.2 ab	352±15.6 a	2.03±0.05 a	6 934.50±112.57 a	5 688.00±125.58 a
W2F3	72.31±2.5 b	14.62±1.3 cd	100±3.4 a	322±13.5 c	1.87±0.07 b	6 023.25±136.54 ab	5 258.25±134.41 ab
W3F1	75.25±2.6 a	15.23±1.4 c	95±4.1 ab	341±13.3 bc	1.88±0.06 b	6 093.00±147.25 ab	5 138.25±129.08 b
W3F2	74.23±2.1 ab	14.12±1.3 cd	98±3.4 ab	316±13.8 d	1.73±0.04 c	5 359.50±118.69 c	4 518.00±128.34 c
W3F3	74.11±2.7 ab	13.55±1.3 d	94±2.7 ab	323±13.4 c	1.68±0.08 d	5 103.00±126.54 c	4 758.75±112.58 c
灌水 Water	NS	*	NS	NS	*	*	*
施肥 Fertilizer	*	NS	*	NS	*	*	*
Water×fertilizer	*	NS	NS	NS	**	**	**

Table 7 Rice economic benefits of organically reconstituted soil under the coupling of water and fertilizer

处理 Treatments	产量 Yield/（kg·hm^-2）	投入 Input/（yuan·hm^-2）	收益 Income/（yuan·hm^-2）	净收益 Net income/（yuan·hm^-2）	投入产出比Inputoutput ratio
W1F1	4 961.25 bc	16 649.70 a	22 326.75 c	5 677.05 d	0.75 a
W1F2	4 842.00 bc	16 599.75 a	21 789.00 c	5 189.25 d	0.76 a
W1F3	5 118.75 b	16 549.80 a	23 034.38 bc	6 484.58 c	0.72 ab
W2F1	5 403.25 ab	16 049.70 a	24 314.63 b	8 264.93 ab	0.66 b
W2F2	5 688.00 a	15 999.75 b	25 506.00 a	9 506.25 a	0.63 c
W2F3	5 258.25 b	15 949.80 b	23 662.13 bc	7 712.33 b	0.67 b
W3F1	5 138.25 b	15 449.70 b	23 122.13 bc	7 672.43 b	0.67 b
W3F2	4 518.00 c	15 399.75 b	20 331.00 c	4 931.25 e	0.76 a
W3F3	4 758.75 c	15 349.80 b	21 414.38 c	6 064.58 c	0.72 ab
灌水 Water	*	**	*	*	*
施肥 Fertilizer	*	**	*	*	*
Water×fertilizer	**	**	*	**	**

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