Response of Rhizosphere Soil Bacterial Community Diversity to Salt Stress in Oat （Avena sativa L.）

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0906

Abstract

Abstract:

To investigate the diversity of microbial communities in the rhizosphere of oats （Avena sativa L.） under salt stress， the microbial communities in rhizosphere soils of two oat varieties Souris （S） and Everleaf （E） treated with 0 （Y0）， 3 （Y1）， 6 （Y2） and 9 g?kg^-1 NaCl （Y3） were sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technology. And the relationship between changes in microbial community diversity and salt stress in oats was further analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences among the bacterial community diversity of different salt stress treatments， and the bacterial community abnudance of S-Y2 and the diversity of S-Y3 samples were highest. At the different classification level， the relative abundances of Proteobacteria， Actinobacteria， Rhizobiales， norank_c_Subgroup_6 and norank_c_Subgroup_6 were higher in the bacterial community. Salt stress affected the community composition of oat rhizosphere microorganisms， and the relative abundances changed significantly with the increase of salt stress. Through 16S functional prediction， COG metabolic pathway database and KEGG metabolic pathway database， it was found that the functions of oat rhizosphere microorganisms were enriched in metabolism， genetic information processing， environmental information processing， cellular processes and organismal systems. These functions of the rhizosphere microbial community were more active under salt stress， which played an important role in growth and stress response of oats. These results provided new space for the isolation of species an strains， and laid a theoretical basis for further mining and utilization of rhizosphere functional microbe.

Key words: oat, rhizosphere, 16S, microbial community structure, salt stress

摘要：

为探究燕麦（Avena sativa L.）在不同盐胁迫处理下根际土壤微生物的群落多样性及变化特征，选取领袖（Souris，S）和爱沃（Everleaf，E）2个燕麦品种为试验材料，分别设置0（Y0）、3（Y1）、6（Y2）和9（Y3） g?kg^-1 NaCl胁迫处理。采用高通量测序技术对不同盐胁迫处理下燕麦根际土壤微生物进行测序，分析微生物群落多样性及其与土壤盐胁迫的相关性。结果表明，2个燕麦品种根际土壤细菌群落的多样性在4种盐胁迫处理下存在差异，其中S-Y2的群落丰度最高，S-Y3的多样性最丰富。在不同分类水平上，细菌变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）、根瘤菌目（Rhizobiales）、norank_c_Subgroup_6科和norank_c_Subgroup_6属的相对丰度较高。盐胁迫影响燕麦根际微生物的群落组成，随着盐胁迫程度的增加，其菌落组成的相对丰度发生显著变化。通过对操作分类单元（OTU）丰度的16S功能预测和COG、KEGG代谢通路数据库对比发现，燕麦根际微生物的功能富集于新陈代谢、遗传信息处理、环境信息处理、细胞过程和生物体系统等。由此表明，根际微生物在燕麦生长和响应盐胁迫中起重要作用，为进一步挖掘和利用根际功能微生物奠定了理论基础。

关键词: 燕麦, 根际, 16S, 微生物群落结构, 盐胁迫

CLC Number:

S512.6

Feng LI, Congpei YIN, Ran YIN, Fan WANG, Yongliang HAN, Zhimin YANG, Jiancheng LIU. Response of Rhizosphere Soil Bacterial Community Diversity to Salt Stress in Oat （Avena sativa L.）[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2023, 25(1): 153-165.

李峰, 殷丛培, 殷冉, 王凡, 韩永亮, 杨志敏, 刘建成. 燕麦根际土壤细菌多样性对盐胁迫的响应[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2023, 25(1): 153-165.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1 Sequencing quality of rhizosphere bacteria in oat

样本编号 Sample ID	有效序列数 Seq num	碱基数 Base num	序列平均长度 Mean length/bp	最短序列长度 Min length/bp	最长序列长度 Max length/bp
S-Y0	162 093	67 727 026	417.82	252.00	506.33
S-Y1	160 893	67 266 875	418.08	244.33	491.67
S-Y2	195 869	81 822 543	417.74	214.00	475.33
S-Y3	172 634	72 184 160	418.14	247.67	486.33
E-Y0	155 935	65 237 362	418.36	241.33	482.00
E-Y1	146 417	61 178 315	417.80	250.67	499.00
E-Y2	176 735	73 796 761	417.56	257.67	476.33
E-Y3	176 596	73 524 218	416.35	240.67	488.67

Fig. 1 Bacterial composition of oats rhizosphere soil samples under different salt stressA： Sparse curves； B： Sobs indices of oat rhizosphere soil； C： Flower plot analysis for bacterial species （OTUs） of different samples； *** represents significant differences at P<0.001 level.

Fig. 2 Alpha diversity index of bacterial in oats rhizosphere soil under different salt stress

Fig. 3 Beta diversity of bacterial in oats rhizosphere soil under different salt stressA： NMDS on OTU level； B： PCoA on genus level； C： Groups of different varieties； D： Groups of different treatment

Fig. 4 Bacterial community abundance in oat rhizosphere soil under salt stressA： Phylum level； B： Class level； C： Order level； D： Family level

Fig. 5 Relative abundance （genera level） of bacteria in rhizosphere soil of two oat varieties under different salt treatmentsA： Y0；B： Y1；C： Y2；D： Y3； corrected P-values are calculated by the fdr false discovery rate approach （P<0.05）.

Fig. 6 Evolutionary relationship and function prediction in rhizosphere soil bacterial of oatsA： Evolutionary relationship in rhizosphere soil of oats； B： Function prediction of oat rhizosphere bacterial COG analysis in level 1 and 2

Fig. 7 Bacterial phylogenetic tree and prediction of flora functionA： KEGG of level 1，2； B： KEGG of level 3

References 41

1	李建国,濮励杰,朱明,等.土壤盐渍化研究现状及未来研究热点[J].地理学报,2012,67(9):1233-1245.
	LI J G, PU L J, ZHU M, et al.. The present situation and hot issues in the salt-affected soil research [J]. Acta Geogr. Sin., 2012, 67(9):1233-1245.
2	MUNNS R, TESTER M. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance [J]. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol., 2008, 59(1):651-681.
3	MEENA M D, YADAV R K, NARJARY B, et al.. Municipal solid waste (MSW): strategies to improve salt affected soil sustainability: a review [J]. Waste Manag., 2018, 84:38-53.
4	YANG Y, GUO Y. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms mediating plant salt-stress responses [J]. New Phytol., 2018, 217:523-39.
5	高玉坤,杨溥原,项晓冬,等.不同耐盐高粱品种全生育期对盐胁迫的响应[J].华北农学报,2020,35(6):113-121.
	GAO Y K, YANG P Y, XIANG X D, et al. Response of different salt tolerant sorghum varieties to salt stress in the whole growth period [J]. Acta Agric. Boreali-Sin., 2020, 35(6):113-121.
6	YUAN F, LENG B, WANG B. Progress in studying salt secretion from the salt glands in recretohalophytes: how do plants secrete salt? [J/OL]. Front Plant Sci., 2016, 7:977 [2021-09-10]. .
7	YANG Y, GUO Y. Unraveling salt stress signaling in plants [J]. J. Integr. Plant Biol., 2018, 60:796-804.
8	KAZAN K, LYONS R. The link between flowering time and stress tolerance [J]. J. Exp. Bot., 2015, 67:47-60.
9	LOWRY D B, HALL M C, SALT D E, et al.. Genetic and physiological basis of adaptive salt tolerance divergence between coastal and inland Mimulus guttatus [J]. New Phytol., 2009, 183:776-788.
10	RODRIGUEZ P A, ROTHBALLER M, CHOWDHURY S P, et al.. Systems biology of plant microbiome interactions [J]. Mol. Plant., 2019, 12:804-821.
11	PAUL D, LADE H. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria to improve crop growth in saline soils: a review. [J]. Agron. Sustain. Dev., 2014, 34:737-752.
12	BADRI D V, VIVANCO J M. Regulation and function of root exudates [J]. Plant Cell Environ., 2009, 32:666-681.
13	CASTRILLO G, TEILXEIRA P, PAREDES S, et al.. Root microbiota drive direct integration of phosphate stress and immunity [J]. Nature, 2017, 543:513-518.
14	LI H, LA S, ZHANG X, et al.. Salt-induced recruitment of specific root-associated bacterial consortium capable of enhancing plant adaptability to salt stress [J]. ISME J., 2021, 15:2865-2882.
15	SERRANO R, RODRIGUEZ-NAVARRO A. Ion homeostasis during salt stress in plants [J]. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 2001, 13(4):399-404.
16	王丹,赵亚光,张凤华.耐盐促生菌筛选、鉴定及对盐胁迫小麦的效应[J].麦类作物学报,2020,40(1):110-117.
	WANG D, ZHAO Y G, ZHANG F H. Screening and identification of salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria and its promotion effect on wheat seedling under salt stress [J]. J. Triticeae Crops, 2020, 40(1):110-117.
17	LOUBNA B, FATIMA E K, KHALID O, et al.. Phytobeneficial bacteria improve saline stress tolerance in Vicia faba and modulate microbial interaction network [J/OL]. Sci. Total Environ., 2020, 729:139020 [2021-09-10]. .
18	ZHAO S, LIU J, BANERJEE S, et al.. Biogeographical distribution of bacterial communities in saline agricultural soil [J/OL]. Geoderma, 2019, 361(1):114095 [2021-09-10]. .
19	陈晓晶,刘景辉,杨彦明,等.盐胁迫对燕麦叶片生理指标和差异蛋白组学的影响[J].作物学报, 2019, 45(9):1431-1439.
	CHEN X J, LIU J H, YANG Y M, et al.. Effects of salt stress on physiological indexes and differential proteomics of oat leaf [J]. Acta Agron. Sin., 2019, 45(9):1431-1439.
20	CASTRILLO G, TEILXEIRA P, PAREDES S, et al.. Root microbiota drive direct integration of phosphate stress and immunity [J]. Nature, 2017, 543:513-518.
21	MAGOC T, SALZBERG S L. FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies [J]. Bioinformatics, 2011, 27:2957-2963.
22	CAPORASO J G, KUCZYNSKI J, STOMBAUGH J, et al.. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data [J]. Nat. Methods, 2010, 7:335-336.
23	CHAO A, SHEN T J. Nonparametric prediction in species sampling [J]. J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Statist., 2004, 9:253-269.
24	BAI Y, MÜLLER D B, SRINIVAS G, et al.. Functional overlap of the Arabidopsis leaf and root microbiota [J]. Nature, 2015, 528:364-369.
25	RAAIJMAKERS J M, MAZZOLA M. Soil immune responses [J]. Science, 2016, 352:1392-1393.
26	FAN K, DELGADO-BAQUERIZO M, GUO X, et al.. Biodiversity of key-stone phylotypes determines crop production in a 4-decade fertilization experiment [J]. ISME J., 2020, 15:550-561.
27	DELGADO-BAQUERIZO M, MAESTRE F T, REICH P B, et al.. Microbial diversity drives multifunctionality in terrestrial ecosystems [J/OL]. Nat. Commun., 2016, 7:10541 [2021-09-10]. .
28	CHEN Q L, DING J, ZHU Y G, et al.. Soil bacterial taxonomic diversity is critical to maintaining the plant productivity [J/OL]. Environ. Int., 2020, 140:105766 [2021-09-10]. .
29	GAO Y K, CUI J H, REN G Z, et al.. Changes in the root-associated bacteria of sorghum are driven by the combined effects of salt and sorghum development [J/OL]. Environ. Microbiome, 2021, 16:14 [2021-09-10]. .
30	YANG Y, SHAO T Y, LONG X H, et al.. Microbiome structure and function in rhizosphere of Jerusalem artichoke grown in saline land [J/OL]. Sci. Total Environ., 2020, 724(168):138259 [2021-09-10]. .
31	兰汝佳.根际耐盐促生菌的筛选及其对番茄耐盐性的调控研究[D].南京:南京农业大学, 2019.
	LAN R J. Screening of salt-tolerant rhizosphere-promoting bacteria and its regulation on salt tolerance of tomato [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2019.
32	汪焱,张英,苏贝贝,等.高寒区不同地域燕麦根际土壤微生物多样性研究[J].草地学报,2020,28(2):358-366.
	WANG Y, ZHANG Y, SU B B, et al.. Study on microbial diversity of rhizosphere soil of oat in different areas in alpine region [J]. Acta Agrestia Sin., 2020, 28(2):358-366.
33	WAGG C, SCHLAEPPI K, BANERJEE S, et al.. Fungal-bacterial diversity and microbiome complexity predict ecosystem functioning [J/OL]. Nat. Commun., 2019, 10:4841 [2021-09-10]. .
34	VALENZUELA-ENCINAS C, NERIA-GONZÁLEZ I, ALCÁNTARA-HERNÁNDEZ R J, et al.. Changes in the bacterial populations of the highly alkaline saline soil of the former lake Texcoco (Mexico) following flooding [J]. Extremophiles, 2009, 13(4):609-621.
35	WARD N L, CHALLACOMBE J F, JANSSEN P H, et al.. Three genomes from the phylum Acidobacteria provide insight into their lifestyles in soils [J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2009, 75(7):2046-2056.
36	KRAGELUND C, LEVANTESI C, BORGER A. Identity abundance and ecophysiology of filamentous Chloroflexi species present in activated sludge treatment plants [J]. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 2007, 59:671-682.
37	MALDONADO L A, FENICAL W, JENSEN P R, et al.. Salinispora arenicola gen. nov. sp. nov. and Salinispora tropica sp. nov. obligate marine actinomycetes belonging to the family Micromono sporaceae [J]. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol, 2005, 55(5):1759-1766.
38	VARDHARAJULA, ALI S Z, GROVER M, et al.. Drought-tolerant plant growth promoting Bacillus spp.: effect on growth, osmolytes, and antioxidant status of maize under drought stress [J]. J. Plant Interact., 2011, 6(1):1-14.
39	RAJKUMAR M, BRUNO L B, BANU J R. Alleviation of environmental stress in plants: the role of beneficial Pseudomonas spp. [J]. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2017, 47(6):372-407.
40	EGAMBERDIEV D, JABBOROV D, HASHEM A. Pseudomonas induces salinity tolerance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and resistance to Fusarium root rot through the modulation of indole-3-acetic acid [J]. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 2015, 22(6):773-779.
41	FRĄC M, HANNULA S E, BEŁKA M, et al.. Fungal biodiversity and their role in soil health [J/OL]. Front. Microbiol., 2018, 9:707 [2021-09-10]. .

[1]	Hao JIA, Hongzhe WANG, Zhengwen SUN, Qishen GU, Dongmei ZHANG, Xingyi WANG, Yan ZHANG, Huaiyu LU, Zhiying MA, Xingfen WANG. Genome-wide Identification of VOZ Genes Family in Cotton and Study on Salt Tolerance Function of GhVOZ1 [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(9): 58-68.
[2]	Yueriyeti Sali, Nuerbiye Yisimayi, Aliya Waili, Lingna CHEN, Yongkun CHEN. Heterologous Expression of PaMT3-1 Gene from Phytolacca americana Enhances Salt and Osmotic Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(9): 92-98.
[3]	Jilin SUN, Jiaqi ZHANG, Fansen MENG, Silong SUN. Genome-wide Identification and Tissue Expression Pattern Analysis of HSP70 Gene Family in Thinopyrum elongatum [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(6): 28-38.
[4]	Jianglin LAN, Rongfeng XIAO, Jieping WANG, Haifeng ZHANG, Bo LIU. Effects of Integrated Microbiome Agent on Tomato Plant Growth and Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Diversity [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(5): 173-181.
[5]	Lei LING, Huixin JIANG, Mingjing LI, Yajie YIN, Naiyu CHEN, Xiaoju ZHAO. Proteinome and Metabolome Combined to Analyze the Response Mechanism of Oat to Saline-alkali Stress [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(5): 61-71.
[6]	Zhiduo DONG, Qiuping FU, Jian HUANG, Tong QI, Yanbo FU, Kuerban Kaisaier. Analysis of Salt Tolerance Capacity of Xinjiang Cotton Guring Germination [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(4): 57-67.
[7]	Ruoheng JIN, Xiaoyu LI, Jingwu YAO, Beibei WANG, Chunxia CAO, Daye HUANG. Effects of Bacillus thuringiensi on Intestinal Bacteria in Ectropis obliqua [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(2): 141-149.
[8]	Tingting MA, Yanrong ZHAO, Yuqing WEI, Yuejuan WANG, Xuefei WANG, Erdong ZHANG. Dynamic Characteristics of Stem Growth and Sugar Accumulation of Sweet Sorghum at Late Growth Stage Under Soil Salt Stress [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(2): 42-50.
[9]	Shixu QU, Yu SUN, Yizhen SUO, Haipeng YUAN, Yuhong ZHANG. Effects of Exogenous Calcium on Physiological Characteristics and Secondary Metabolites of Cannabis sativa L. Under Salt Stress [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(2): 80-88.
[10]	Xuewen XU, Xingpeng WANG, Hongbo WANG, Zhenxi CAO. Physiological Regulation of Growth of Cotton Seedlings Under Salt Stress by Rhamnolipids [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(1): 72-79.
[11]	Fulin ZHANG, Rui XI, Yuxiang LIU, Zhaolong CHEN, Qinghui YU, Ning LI. Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Tomato BURP Structural Domain Gene Family [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(8): 51-62.
[12]	Mengting JI, Changjiang CHEN, Liuhe LUO, Zhijian LIN, Menglin ZHAN, Bingye YANG, Fangping HU, Xueqing CAI. Pathogen Identification of Kiwi Bacterial Wilt in Fujian [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(4): 144-152.
[13]	Yahong ZHAO, Qianyu HU, Rong XIA, Zhijiang WANG, Yonghui XIE, Xianwen YE, Lei YU, Ying QI, Shaowu YANG, Zhiqin XUE, Zhixing WU, Feiyan HUANG, Tianhua HAN. Effects of Biochar Fertilizer on Rhizosphere Flora and Physicochemical Properties of Flue-cured Tobacco Susceptible to Root Knot Nematode [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(4): 206-214.
[14]	Shuang LI, Aiying WANG, Zhen JIAO, Qing CHI, Hao SUN, Tao JIAO. Physiological and Chemical Characteristics and Transcriptome Analysis of Different Type of Wheat Seedlings Under Salt Stress [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(2): 20-32.
[15]	Wei LIU, Yuanyuan ZHAO, Xiaolong CHEN, Hongzhi SHI. Effects of Soil Moisture Content on Microbial Community Diversity and Abundance of Nitrogen Cycling Genes in Central Henan Tobacco-growing Soil [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(1): 214-225.