Abstract:

Agricultural synthetic biology integrates engineering and life sciences， which has evolved from single-gene editing to systematic design. Key technologies include CRISPR-Cas optimization， AI design platforms， synthetic microbial technologies and crop chassis modification. The application of these technologies has driven the development of new agricultural production paradigms and promoted technological innovations in such areas as nutrient-enhanced crops， environmentally friendly inputs， stress-resistant crops and low-carbon cycling technologies. At the same time， it faces multi-dimensional risks： in terms of biosecurity， there are risks of off-target effects in gene editing， pathogen modification and biological weapons， laboratory error； in terms of ecological security， there are impacts on biodiversity， disturbances to ecosystem functions； in terms of social ethics， there are controversies over creating life and the essence of life， uncertainties regarding food safety and health impacts， and controversies over the compatibility of organic agriculture with synthetic biology； in terms of economic effect， there are risks of technology and market monopoly， impacts of industrial chain restructuring and integration on employment， the structure and functions of agricultural systems. For above reasons， countries around the world have attached great importance to building public risk prevention and control systems， forming three main models： product-based regulatory models process-based regulatory models， and hybrid models. In the future， the contradiction between the rapid iteration of technology and the lag in policy supervision is the most severe challenge facing agricultural synthetic biology. It is necessary to follow the principles of full life cycle management， prevention first， and scientific assessment， and support global food security and environmental sustainable development by improving policies and governance systems and adhering to the path of responsible innovation.

Key words: agricultural synthetic biology, gene editing, public risk prevention and control, synthetic microorganisms, application innovation

摘要：

农业合成生物学融合了工程学与生命科学，已从单基因编辑迈向系统设计，关键技术包括 CRISPR-Cas（clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated systems）优化、AI（artificial intelligence）设计平台、合成微生物技术及作物底盘改造等。这些技术的应用推动了新型农业生产范式的发展，促进了营养强化作物、环境友好型投入品、抗逆作物及低碳循环技术等方面创新，但在生物安全上也面临基因编辑的脱靶效应、病原体改造、实验室操作错误等多维度风险。在生态安全上面临生物多样性影响、生态系统功能扰动风险；在社会伦理上存在创造生命和生命本质争议及食品安全与健康影响、有机农业与合成生物学兼容性争议；在经济上存在技术与市场垄断风险及产业链重组与整合对就业、农业系统结构和功能的影响。为此，世界各国高度重视构建公共风险防控体系，形成了基于产品的监管模式、基于过程的监管模式以及混合模式3种主要模式。未来，技术快速迭代与政策监管滞后的矛盾是农业合成生物学面临的严峻挑战，需遵循全生命周期管理、科学评估、预防为主等原则，通过完善政策与治理体系、坚持责任创新路径，从而支撑全球粮食安全与环境可持续发展。

关键词: 农业合成生物学, 基因编辑, 公共风险防控, 合成微生物, 应用创新