不同品种三叶草覆盖对旱地苹果园土壤理化特性和叶片生理特征的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0255

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了探究不同三叶草品种覆盖对苹果园土壤理化性质和叶片生理特性的影响，筛选出适合旱地果园种植的三叶草品种，选择行间种植不同品种三叶草（绛三叶、白三叶和红三叶），以清耕为对照，探究生草覆盖对土壤物理特性、养分含量和酶活性以及对叶片养分元素、叶绿素含量和气体交换参数的影响。结果表明，与清耕处理相比，绛三叶覆盖处理显著降低了土壤容重，红三叶覆盖处理显著增加了土壤孔隙度。与清耕处理相比，绛三叶覆盖有效增加了土壤有机质和全磷含量，显著降低了土壤pH，提高了土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性；白三叶覆盖显著提高了土壤全氮和土壤碱性磷酸酶活性。与清耕处理相比，白三叶覆盖能显著增加叶片中全氮、镁含量及叶片净光合速率；绛三叶覆盖显著提高了叶绿素b、总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量及气孔导度和水分利用效率，显著降低了胞间CO₂浓度；红三叶覆盖有效增加了叶片蒸腾速率。综上所述，绛三叶为旱地苹果园行间生草的最佳生草品种，能显著提高土壤综合肥力和叶片生理功能。以上研究结果为旱地果园生草管理提供科学依据。

关键词: 生草覆盖, 三叶草, 土壤理化特性, 叶片生理特征

Abstract:

In order to investigate the effects of mulching with different clover varieties on soil physicochemical properties and leaf physiological characteristics of an apple orchard， the advantageous clover varieties suitable for dryland orchard planting were identified. The effects of grass mulching on soil physicochemical properties and leaf physiological characteristics were investigated by planting different varieties of clover （crimson clover， white clover and red clover） between clear tillage， with clearing cultivation as the control. The results showed that， compared with the clear-tillage treatment， the crimson clover significantly increased soil moisture content and reduced soil bulk mass， while the red clover significantly increased soil porosity. Compared with the clear-tillage treatment， crimson clover effectively increased the contents of soil organic matter and total phosphorus， significantly reduced the soil pH， increased the activities of soil sucrase and urease activities， and white clover significantly increased total nitrogen content and alkaline phosphatase activity in soil. Compared with the clear-tillage treatment， white clover significantly increased the contents of total nitrogen， Mg and net photosynthetic rate of apple leaves， crimson clover significantly increased the contents of chlorophyll b， total chlorophyll， carotenoid and stomatal conductance， water use efficiency， and decreased intercellular CO₂ concentration of apple leaves， red clover effectively increased the transpiration rate of apple leaves. In conclusion， crimson clover was the best grass variety for clover mulch in dry apple orchards， which could significantly improve soil comprehensive fertility and leaf physiological function of apple leaves. Above results provided scientific basis for grass management in dryland orchards.

Key words: covered with grass, clover, soil physical and chemical properties, leaf physiological characteristics

中图分类号:

S551

胡雯, 张朋朋, 庄丽萍, 王鹏丽, 邹养军. 不同品种三叶草覆盖对旱地苹果园土壤理化特性和叶片生理特征的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2025, 27(9): 193-203.

Wen HU, Pengpeng ZHANG, Liping ZHUANG, Pengli WANG, Yangjun ZOU. Effects of Clover Mulch on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Leaf Physiological Characteristics in Dryland Apple Orchards[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(9): 193-203.

图/表 10

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处理Treatment	草种 Grass seed	千粒重Thousand seed weight/g	发芽率Germination rate/%	播种量Seeding rate/kg	生草方式 Grass way	还田时间 Return time（m/d）
CK	—	—	—	—	—
T1	绛三叶 Crimson clover	5.17	85	6.5	撒播Sowing	9/20
T2	白三叶 White clover	6.17	79	6.5	撒播Sowing	9/20
T3	红三叶 Red clover	6.18	83	6.5	撒播Sowing	9/20

处理Treatment	草种 Grass seed	千粒重Thousand seed weight/g	发芽率Germination rate/%	播种量Seeding rate/kg	生草方式 Grass way	还田时间 Return time（m/d）
CK	—	—	—	—	—
T1	绛三叶 Crimson clover	5.17	85	6.5	撒播Sowing	9/20
T2	白三叶 White clover	6.17	79	6.5	撒播Sowing	9/20
T3	红三叶 Red clover	6.18	83	6.5	撒播Sowing	9/20

土层 Soil layer/cm	处理 Treatment	pH	有机质 Organic matter/ （g·kg^-1）	全氮 Total N/ （g·kg^-1）	全磷 Total P/ （g·kg^-1）	速效磷 Available P/（mg·kg^-1）	速效钾Available K/ （mg·kg^-1）
0—20	CK	8.36±0.01 a	6.56±0.06 c	0.24±0.01 b	0.75±0.01 a	19.67±0.24 b	14.92±0.07 b
	T1	8.15±0.01 c	7.73±0.31 a	0.38±0.01 a	0.73±0.04 a	20.57±0.85 ab	18.51±0.27 a
	T2	8.27±0.02 b	7.26±0.05 b	0.39±0.02 a	0.76±0.02 a	21.14±1.17 ab	19.25±0.27 a
	T3	8.32±0.02 b	7.19±0.19 b	0.35±0.03 a	0.75±0.01 a	21.33±0.54 ab	16.17±0.29 a
20—40	CK	8.32±0.02 c	6.51±0.17 b	0.23±0.02 b	0.64±0.01 a	18.53±0.93 a	13.12±0.28 c
	T1	8.14±0.02 a	7.45±0.54 a	0.36±0.01 a	0.62±0.02 a	20.91±1.04 a	14.69±0.91 a
	T2	8.21±0.03 a	7.29±0.25 ab	0.39±0.03 a	0.63±0.03 a	21.84±1.26 a	13.81±0.64 ab
	T3	8.29±0.02 b	7.11±0.58 b	0.33±0.03 a	0.63±0.01 a	22.38±1.89 a	14.06±0.43 ab

土层 Soil layer/cm	处理 Treatment	pH	有机质 Organic matter/ （g·kg^-1）	全氮 Total N/ （g·kg^-1）	全磷 Total P/ （g·kg^-1）	速效磷 Available P/（mg·kg^-1）	速效钾Available K/ （mg·kg^-1）
0—20	CK	8.36±0.01 a	6.56±0.06 c	0.24±0.01 b	0.75±0.01 a	19.67±0.24 b	14.92±0.07 b
	T1	8.15±0.01 c	7.73±0.31 a	0.38±0.01 a	0.73±0.04 a	20.57±0.85 ab	18.51±0.27 a
	T2	8.27±0.02 b	7.26±0.05 b	0.39±0.02 a	0.76±0.02 a	21.14±1.17 ab	19.25±0.27 a
	T3	8.32±0.02 b	7.19±0.19 b	0.35±0.03 a	0.75±0.01 a	21.33±0.54 ab	16.17±0.29 a
20—40	CK	8.32±0.02 c	6.51±0.17 b	0.23±0.02 b	0.64±0.01 a	18.53±0.93 a	13.12±0.28 c
	T1	8.14±0.02 a	7.45±0.54 a	0.36±0.01 a	0.62±0.02 a	20.91±1.04 a	14.69±0.91 a
	T2	8.21±0.03 a	7.29±0.25 ab	0.39±0.03 a	0.63±0.03 a	21.84±1.26 a	13.81±0.64 ab
	T3	8.29±0.02 b	7.11±0.58 b	0.33±0.03 a	0.63±0.01 a	22.38±1.89 a	14.06±0.43 ab

土层 Soil layer/ cm	处理 Treatment	碱性磷酸酶 AKP/（µg·g^-1·h^-1）	蔗糖酶 SC/ （µg·g^-1·h^-1）	脲酶 URE/ （µg·g^-1·h^-1）	过氧化氢酶 CAT/ （mL·g^-1·h^-1）	纤维二糖水解酶 CBH/ （nmol·g^-1·h^-1）	亮氨酸氨基肽酶 LAP/ （nmol·g^-1·h^-1）
0—20	CK	94.26±3.02 c	366.51±0.17 b	64.22±3.02 b	5.64±0.01 a	4.53±0.93 a	16.64±3.11 ab
	T1	113.89±7.77 a	463.12±7.50 a	83.51±5.48 a	7.15±0.57 a	4.51±0.42 a	24.28±2.12 a
	T2	117.66±4.59 a	427.39±5.96 a	77.08±4.69 a	6.26±0.29 ab	4.47±0.75 a	19.33±1.36 b
	T3	100.81±2.57 b	406.46±6.03 b	71.31±5.67 b	6.79±0.41 ab	4.78±0.59 a	23.79±2.95 a
20—40	CK	74.36±03.02 c	319.11±2.17 b	54.22±3.02 c	5.24±0.21 a	3.53±0.93 a	15.64±3.11 ab
	T1	89.82±3.98 ab	381.06±6.65 a	76.71±2.72 a	6.61±0.32 a	3.22±0.38 a	19.28±0.98 a
	T2	96.14±3.83 a	358.16±3.88 b	68.64±3.24 b	5.68±0.51 a	3.86±0.61 a	15.71±1.07 b
	T3	87.88±3.21 b	360.96±2.16 b	59.49±3.53 c	6.25±0.64 a	3.54±0.48 a	16.40±2.66 b