黄土旱塬区近40年降水对冬小麦耗水和产量的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0783

中国农业科技导报 ›› 2024, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (3): 164-173.DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0783

黄土旱塬区近40年降水对冬小麦耗水和产量的影响

赵刚¹(), 王淑英¹, 李尚中¹, 张建军¹, 党翼¹, 王磊¹, 李兴茂¹, 程万莉¹, 周刚¹, 倪胜利¹, 樊廷录²()

^1.甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所, 甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室, 农业农村部西北旱地作物绿色低碳重点实验室, 部省共建农业农村部旱地作物抗逆增产及雨水高效利用重点实验室, 兰州 730070
^2.甘肃省农业科学院, 兰州 730070

收稿日期:2022-09-15 接受日期:2023-04-06 出版日期:2024-03-15 发布日期:2024-03-07
通讯作者: 樊廷录
作者简介:赵刚 E-mail：7635423@163.com；
基金资助:
甘肃省农业科学院重点研发计划项目(2021GAAS14)

Effects of Precipitation on Yield and Water Consumption of Winter Wheat in Loess Plateau in Recent 40 Years

Gang ZHAO¹(), Shuying WANG¹, Shangzhong LI¹, Jianjun ZHANG¹, Yi DANG¹, Lei WANG¹, Xingmao LI¹, Wanli CHENG¹, Gang ZHOU¹, Shengli NI¹, Tinglu FAN²()

^1.Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Water in Dry Faming of Gansu Province，Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs； Jiont Key Laboratory of ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Gansu Province for Crop Drought Resistance，Yield Increment and Rainwater Efficient Utilization on Rain-fed Area； Institute of Dryland，Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Lanzhou 730070，China
^2.Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Lanzhou 730070，China

Received:2022-09-15 Accepted:2023-04-06 Online:2024-03-15 Published:2024-03-07
Contact: Tinglu FAN

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

冬小麦是黄土旱塬区重要口粮作物，产量受降水等因素影响较大，为研究降水对冬小麦耗水规律和产量的影响，收集、统计甘肃省农业科学院镇原试验站近40年冬小麦长期观测数据，分析冬小麦产量、耗水量等指标随降水变化的趋势。结果表明，黄土旱塬区近40年冬小麦产量以每年51.2 kg·hm^-2速度增加，但持续系数仅为0.43；10月中旬至11月中旬、3月中上旬、5月上旬和下旬降水量增加，产量随之显著增加；全生育期降水满足率为64.4%，干旱年型仅为52.7%，不同生育时期中拔节-灌浆期满足率最低。冬小麦生育期耗水量近40年呈降低趋势，平均为361.3 mm，播种-返青期耗水占全生育期的34.3%，为全生育期耗水最大的时期；干旱年和平水年分别在出苗-拔节期和拔节-灌浆期降水满足率最低，分别为36.9%和42.2%，此阶段降水对冬小麦产量影响显著。冬小麦产量相关的因素由高到低依次为耗水量>穗数>穗粒数>播前底墒>生育期降水量>全年降水量。近40年来黄土旱塬区冬小麦稳产性差，原因为播种-返青期耗水占全生育期比重较大，降水满足率低，影响了冬小麦分蘖成穗和水分高效利用。以上结果表明，保证该区冬小麦关键生育期降水满足率和休闲期降水高效蓄集，是冬小麦稳产高产的重要保障，研究结果对冬小麦产业可持续发展具有重要意义。

关键词: 黄土旱塬, 冬小麦, 产量, 耗水规律, 降水

Abstract:

Winter wheat is an important ration crop in the Loess Plateau and the yield is greatly affected by rainfall and other factors，in order to study the effect of precipitation on water consumption and yield of winter wheat，the long-term observation data of winter wheat Zhenyuan experimental site of the Gansu academy of agricultural sciences in recent 40 years were collected. The variation trend of winter wheat yield and water consumption with precipitation was illustrated. The results showed that the yield of winter wheat on the loess plateau increased at a rate of 51.2 kg·hm^-2 every year in the past 40 years， but the persistence coefficient was only 0.43. The yield greatly increased with the rise of precipitation from mid-October to mid-November， the first ten days of mid-March， the first ten days of May， and the last ten days of May. The satisfaction rate of precipitation in the whole growth period was 64.4%， but was only 52.7% in the dry year， while at jointing-filling stage was the lowest among different growth stages. The average water consumption during the growth period of winter wheat was 361.3 mm， which showed a downward trend in the past 40 years. The water consumption from sowing to rejuvenation accounted for 34.3% of the total in the whole growth period. In dry years and median water years， the precipitation satisfaction rates were 36.9% at the seedling emergence-jointing stage and 42.2% at jointing-filling stage，respectively. At these 2 stages， precipitation had a significant impact on the yield of winter wheat. According to the yield correlation of winter wheat， the order from high to low was water consumption > panicles > grains per ear > soil moisture before sowing > precipitation during growth period >annual precipitation. Winter wheat yield in the loess plateau area had been poorly stable in recent 40 years due to a large proportion of water consumption from sowing to the regreening stage and insufficient precipitation at this time， affected the tillering and spike formation and water use efficiency of winter wheat. Above results indicated that ensuring the precipitation satisfaction rate of winter wheat in the key growth period and the efficient accumulation of precipitation in the fallow period was an important guarantee for stable and high yield of winter wheat，which were of great significance to the sustainable development of winter wheat industry.

Key words: loess plateau, winter wheat, yield, water consumption, precipitation

中图分类号:

S512.1

赵刚, 王淑英, 李尚中, 张建军, 党翼, 王磊, 李兴茂, 程万莉, 周刚, 倪胜利, 樊廷录. 黄土旱塬区近40年降水对冬小麦耗水和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2024, 26(3): 164-173.

Gang ZHAO, Shuying WANG, Shangzhong LI, Jianjun ZHANG, Yi DANG, Lei WANG, Xingmao LI, Wanli CHENG, Gang ZHOU, Shengli NI, Tinglu FAN. Effects of Precipitation on Yield and Water Consumption of Winter Wheat in Loess Plateau in Recent 40 Years[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(3): 164-173.

图/表 10

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时期 Period	品种 Variety	产量 Yield /（kg·hm^-2）
1981—1987	庆丰1号 Qingfeng 1	3 750
1988—1991	西峰16号 Xifeng 16	4 000
1992—1998	陇鉴196 Longjian 196	4 000
1999—2003	陇鉴127 Longjian 127	4 200
2003—2008	西峰27 Xifeng 27	4 500
2009—2019	陇鉴386 Longjian 386	4 800

时期 Period	品种 Variety	产量 Yield /（kg·hm^-2）
1981—1987	庆丰1号 Qingfeng 1	3 750
1988—1991	西峰16号 Xifeng 16	4 000
1992—1998	陇鉴196 Longjian 196	4 000
1999—2003	陇鉴127 Longjian 127	4 200
2003—2008	西峰27 Xifeng 27	4 500
2009—2019	陇鉴386 Longjian 386	4 800

降水时期Precipitation period	拟合方程 Fitting equation	决定系数R²
10月上旬First ten days of Oct	y=-7.819x+3 933.9	0.010 3
10中旬Middle ten days of Oct	y=-2.098x+3 854.3	0.000 8
10月下旬Last ten days of Oct	y=22.090x+3 671.9	0.019 5
10月Oct	y=-2.216x+3 903.8	0.001 8
11月上旬First ten days of Nov	y=86.203x+3 749.3	0.080 1
11月中旬Middle ten days of Nov	y=86.011x+3 570.7	0.110 8^*
11月下旬Last ten days of Nov	y=81.070x+3 627.2	0.115 4^*
11月Nov	y=23.169x+3 568.1	0.041 9
12月Dec	y=100.880x+3 693.5	0.094 2
1月Jan	y=42.488x+3 681.1	0.027 8
2月Feb	y=53.186x+3 628.4	0.054 4
3月上旬First ten days of Mar	y=84.138x+3 781.9	0.050 7
3月中旬Middle ten days of Mar	y=46.176x+3 635.9	0.068 0
3月下旬Last ten days of Mar	y=93.787x+3 384.1	0.182 4^*
3月Mar	y=35.897x+3 410.6	0.104 8^*
4月上旬First ten days of Apr	y=4.149x+3 874.1	0.001 0
4月中旬Middle ten days of Apr	y=28.934x+3 598.1	0.115 7^*
4月下旬Last ten days of Apr	y=41.118x+3 662.1	0.090 8
4月Apr	y=16.705x+3 494.9	0.096 0^*
5月上旬First ten days of May	y=25.428x+3 641.3	0.117 0^*
5月中旬Middle ten days of May	y=2.322x+3 904.1	0.000 8
5月下旬Last ten days of May	y=25.480x+3 616.7	0.081 6
5月May	y=7.368x+3 560.0	0.030 3
6月上旬First ten days of Jun	y=20.492x+3 663.4	0.073 7
6月中旬Middle ten days of Jun	y=22.620x+3 464.6	0.103 7^*
6月下旬Last ten days of Jun	y=18.497x+3 447.5	0.082 4
6月Jun	y=9.757x+3 192.0	0.061 8

降水时期Precipitation period	拟合方程 Fitting equation	决定系数R²
10月上旬First ten days of Oct	y=-7.819x+3 933.9	0.010 3
10中旬Middle ten days of Oct	y=-2.098x+3 854.3	0.000 8
10月下旬Last ten days of Oct	y=22.090x+3 671.9	0.019 5
10月Oct	y=-2.216x+3 903.8	0.001 8
11月上旬First ten days of Nov	y=86.203x+3 749.3	0.080 1
11月中旬Middle ten days of Nov	y=86.011x+3 570.7	0.110 8^*
11月下旬Last ten days of Nov	y=81.070x+3 627.2	0.115 4^*
11月Nov	y=23.169x+3 568.1	0.041 9
12月Dec	y=100.880x+3 693.5	0.094 2
1月Jan	y=42.488x+3 681.1	0.027 8
2月Feb	y=53.186x+3 628.4	0.054 4
3月上旬First ten days of Mar	y=84.138x+3 781.9	0.050 7
3月中旬Middle ten days of Mar	y=46.176x+3 635.9	0.068 0
3月下旬Last ten days of Mar	y=93.787x+3 384.1	0.182 4^*
3月Mar	y=35.897x+3 410.6	0.104 8^*
4月上旬First ten days of Apr	y=4.149x+3 874.1	0.001 0
4月中旬Middle ten days of Apr	y=28.934x+3 598.1	0.115 7^*
4月下旬Last ten days of Apr	y=41.118x+3 662.1	0.090 8
4月Apr	y=16.705x+3 494.9	0.096 0^*
5月上旬First ten days of May	y=25.428x+3 641.3	0.117 0^*
5月中旬Middle ten days of May	y=2.322x+3 904.1	0.000 8
5月下旬Last ten days of May	y=25.480x+3 616.7	0.081 6
5月May	y=7.368x+3 560.0	0.030 3
6月上旬First ten days of Jun	y=20.492x+3 663.4	0.073 7
6月中旬Middle ten days of Jun	y=22.620x+3 464.6	0.103 7^*
6月下旬Last ten days of Jun	y=18.497x+3 447.5	0.082 4
6月Jun	y=9.757x+3 192.0	0.061 8

指标 Index	全年降水量 Annual precipitation	生育期降水量 Precipitation during growth period	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 1 000-grain weight	穗数 Panicles number	耗水量 Water consumption	播前底墒 Water storage before sowing
生育期降水量 Precipitation during growth period	0.53
穗粒数 Grain number per spike	0.24	-0.34
千粒重 1 000-grain weight	0.14	-0.38	-0.20
穗数 Panicles number	0.88^**	0.41	0.43	-0.03
耗水量 Water consumption	0.80^**	0.46	0.47	-0.16	0.78^**
播前底墒 Water storage before sowing	0.35	-0.14	0.48	0.07	0.48	0.41
产量 Yield	0.58^*	0.59^*	0.68^*	-0.09	0.71^**	0.73^**	0.66^*
关联系数 Incidence coefficient	0.672 72	0.685 74	0.708 05	0.660 11	0.736 17	0.706 06	0.689 57

黄土旱塬区近40年降水对冬小麦耗水和产量的影响

Effects of Precipitation on Yield and Water Consumption of Winter Wheat in Loess Plateau in Recent 40 Years

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