有机无机肥配施对精量穴直播水稻产量及氮素利用的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0401

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究有机无机肥配施对精量穴直播水稻产量及氮素利用的影响，2018—2020年，选用鸡粪型有机肥进行不同比例有机肥替代化肥田间小区试验。试验采用两因素裂区设计，主区为3个杂交水稻品种，分别是宜香优1108、F优498、德优4727；副区为不同比例有机肥替代化肥，在总施氮量150 kg·hm^-2水平下，设置100%化学N肥（M1）、75%化学N肥+25%有机肥（M2）、50%化学N肥+50%有机肥（M3）、25%化学N肥+75%有机肥（M4）和100%有机肥（M5）共5个处理，以不施N肥为对照（CK）。结果表明，随着有机肥比例的增加，3个品种的每穗粒数和产量均先增加后降低。对于宜香优1108，M2处理的每穗粒数最多、产量最高，2018、2019和2020年分别较M1处理增产2.92%、5.53%和8.07%。对于F优498和德优4727，M3处理的每穗粒数最多、产量最高，3年分别较M1处理平均增产9.13%、7.33%、7.21%和2.7%、6.03%、8.69%。施肥处理中均以M5处理的产量最低。对于氮素转运率，M2和M3处理水稻的氮素转运率增加，其中，宜香优1108在M2和M3处理下氮素转运率3年平均较M1处理提高9.40%和11.41%，F优498提高9.63%和19.18%，德优4727提高9.40%和18.03%。随着有机肥比例的增加，氮素表观利用率降低，氮素收获指数、氮素农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力均先增加后减少。宜香优1108在M2和M3处理下氮素收获指数3年平均较M1处理提高5.05%和5.54%，F优498提高4.53%和8.80%，德优4727提高4.88%和8.98%。由此表明，在精量穴直播下，有机肥与无机肥的合理配施能更好地调控水稻对养分的吸收利用，从而提高产量；宜香优1108采用25%有机肥替代化学氮肥时产量最佳，而F优498和德优4727采用50%有机肥替代化学氮肥增产效果更好。

关键词: 有机无机肥配施, 精量穴直播, 产量, 氮素利用

Abstract:

In order to explore the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer combined application on the yield and nitrogen utilization of precision hill-direct-seeding rice， different proportions of chicken manure organic fertilizer was used to replace chemical fertilizer in field plot experiment from 2018 to 2020. A two-factor split-zone design was used in the experiment. 3 varieties were main plot including Yixiangyou 1108， F you 498 and Deyou 4727， and the different proportions of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer were subplot including 100% chemical N fertilizer （M1）， 75% chemical N fertilizer+25% organic fertilizer （M2）， 50% chemical N fertilizer+50% organic fertilizer （M3）， 25% chemical N fertilizer+75% organic fertilizer （M4）， 100% organic fertilizer （M5）， which the total nitrogen application rate was 150 kg·hm^-2. And no N fertilizer was used as control （CK）. The results showed that grain per panicle and grain yield of 3 varieties increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of organic fertilizer proportion. For Yixiangyou 1108， the number of grains per panicle and grain yield in M2 treatment were highest， which increased by 2.92%， 5.53% and 8.07% compared with M1 treatment in 2018， 2019 and 2020， respectively. For F you 498 and Deyou 4727， the number of grains per panicle and the grain yield of M3 treatment increased by 9.13%， 7.33%， 7.21% and 2.7%， 6.03%， 8.69% compared with those of M1 treatment in 2018， 2019 and 2020， respectively. The grain yield of M5 treatment was the lowest among all fertilization treatments. The nitrogen transfer rates of M2 and M3 treatments increased， and the trends of 3 varieties were the same. Compared with M1 treatment， the nitrogen transfer rates of Yixiangyou 1108 under M2 and M3 treatments increased by 9.40% and 11.41%， the nitrogen transfer rates of F you 498 increased by 9.63% and 19.18%， and Deyou4727 increased by 9.40% and 18.03%. With the increase of organic fertilizer proportion， nitrogen apparent use efficiency decreased， and nitrogen harvest index， nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity increased firstly and then decreased. Compared with M1 treatment， the average nitrogen harvest index of Yixiangyou 1108 under M2 and M3 treatments increased by 5.05% and 5.54% ， F you 498 increased by 4.53% and 8.80%， and Deyou 4727 increased by 4.88% and 8.98%， respectively. In conclusion， under the precise amount of direct seeding， the rational combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers could better regulate the absorption and utilization of nutrients for achieving high yield of rice. The optimal treatment for Y xiangyou 1108 was 75% chemical N fertilizer + 25% organic fertilizer， while that for Fyou 498 and Deyou 4727 was 50% chemical N fertilizer + 50% organic fertilizer.

Key words: combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers, precision hill-direct-seeding, yield, nitrogen use efficiency

中图分类号:

S511

向开宏, 吕旭, 舒川海, 伍杂日曲, 张金悦, 朱岳梅, 杨志远, 孙永健, 马均. 有机无机肥配施对精量穴直播水稻产量及氮素利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2022, 24(9): 149-165.

Kaihong XIANG, Xu LYU, Chuanhai SHU, Riqu WUZA, Jinyue ZHANG, Yuemei ZHU, Zhiyuan YANG, Yongjian SUN, Jun MA. Effects of Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Precision Hill-direct-seeding Rice[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2022, 24(9): 149-165.

图/表 12

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年份 Year	有机质 Organic matter/（g·kg^-1）	全氮 Total N/（g·kg^-1）	速效养分Available nutrient/（mg·kg^-1）
年份 Year	有机质 Organic matter/（g·kg^-1）	全氮 Total N/（g·kg^-1）	N	P	K
2018	23.18	1.68	96.27	15.09	103.70
2019	24.29	1.52	94.04	13.55	110.25
2020	23.71	1.47	85.88	16.42	115.49

年份 Year	有机质 Organic matter/（g·kg^-1）	全氮 Total N/（g·kg^-1）	速效养分Available nutrient/（mg·kg^-1）
年份 Year	有机质 Organic matter/（g·kg^-1）	全氮 Total N/（g·kg^-1）	N	P	K
2018	23.18	1.68	96.27	15.09	103.70
2019	24.29	1.52	94.04	13.55	110.25
2020	23.71	1.47	85.88	16.42	115.49

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicles/（10⁴·hm^-2）	每穗粒数 Grain No. per panicle	总颖花数 Total spikelets/（10⁶·hm^-2）	结实率 Seed setting rate/%	千粒重 1000-grain weight/g	稻谷产量 Grain yield/（kg·hm^-2）
宜香优1108 Yixiangyou 1108	CK	175.20±1.04 e	132.09±1.12 e	231.43±1.56 e	84.61±1.02 b	32.81±0.32 ab	6 984.17±254.11 e
	M1	263.40±2.00 a	153.93±0.35 ab	405.45±3.57 a	83.59±2.29 b	32.32±0.12 d	9 989.76±314.38 ab
	M2	257.20±2.62 b	156.67±1.32 a	402.96±5.10 a	87.04±1.50 a	32.66±0.30 b	10 281.87±271.53 a
	M3	254.89±3.01 b	153.42±0.97 b	391.03±2.36 b	84.70±1.93 b	32.49±0.18 c	9 814.79±448.57 b
	M4	244.53±3.97 c	148.74±2.48 c	363.70±6.91 c	84.09±1.42 b	32.68±0.12 b	8 918.34±198.39 c
	M5	207.24±3.59 d	145.45±1.39 d	301.40±3.58 d	84.56±1.05 b	32.93±0.24 a	7 939.91±404.96 d
	平均 Mean	233.74	148.38	349.33	84.77	32.65	8 988.14
F优498 F you 498	CK	170.00±1.12 d	141.09±0.87 e	239.85±0.87 e	94.85±0.96 a	32.78±0.44 a	7 312.74±161.23 e
	M1	212.60±3.34 a	159.92±2.37 c	339.96±4.76 b	91.64±2.58 b	32.52±0.13 c	9 710.18±303.53 b
	M2	206.87±2.80 ab	170.66±0.58 b	332.34±3.38 b	92.17±3.54 b	32.68±0.12 ab	10 044.00±68.51 b
	M3	201.47±1.85 b	177.74±7.28 a	358.17±17.97 a	91.92±2.67 b	32.81±0.16 a	10 597.5±547.51 a
	M4	193.80±4.33 c	160.11±0.47 c	310.32±7.78 c	93.91±1.26 a	32.57±0.23 bc	8 557.79±297.53 c
	M5	190.22±4.91 c	152.89±2.35 d	290.74±3.11 d	94.14±1.49 a	32.88±0.14 a	8 198.92±236.65 d
	平均 Mean	195.83	158.73	311.90	93.10	32.71	9 070.19
德优4727 Deyou 4727	CK	183.80±1.85 e	123.76±0.63 d	227.47±1.08 e	93.01±0.88 a	36.39±0.56 a	7 665.76±184.96 d
	M1	238.47±12.53 b	126.15±1.31 bc	300.72±12.77 b	90.31±0.90 b	35.74±0.17 b	9 575.18±564.13 a
	M2	252.87±3.01 a	128.50±2.00 b	324.90±1.30 a	91.98±1.77 ab	36.35±0.40 a	9 651.80±432.80 a
	M3	244.89±1.02 b	134.25±2.66 a	328.74±5.35 a	92.16±1.75 ab	36.25±0.10 a	9 840.83±318.92 a
	M4	222.22±7.13 c	128.95±3.00 b	286.43±4.08 c	91.58±1.98 ab	36.25±0.25 a	9 080.31±117.69 b
	M5	211.00±10.08 d	124.98±0.24 cd	263.69±12.19 d	91.3±1.29 ab	36.31±0.12 a	8 663.95±202.72 c
	平均 Mean	225.54	127.77	288.66	91.72	36.21	9 079.64
F值 F value	D	595.96^**	1529.01^**	325.12^**	58.04^**	3145.65^**	0.196
	M	286.80^**	115.16^**	450.68^**	2.73	10.82^**	114.62**
	D×M	20.71^**	19.25^**	24.45^**	1.61	1.47	4.08**

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicles/（10⁴·hm^-2）	每穗粒数 Grain No. per panicle	总颖花数 Total spikelets/（10⁶·hm^-2）	结实率 Seed setting rate/%	千粒重 1000-grain weight/g	稻谷产量 Grain yield/（kg·hm^-2）
宜香优1108 Yixiangyou 1108	CK	175.20±1.04 e	132.09±1.12 e	231.43±1.56 e	84.61±1.02 b	32.81±0.32 ab	6 984.17±254.11 e
	M1	263.40±2.00 a	153.93±0.35 ab	405.45±3.57 a	83.59±2.29 b	32.32±0.12 d	9 989.76±314.38 ab
	M2	257.20±2.62 b	156.67±1.32 a	402.96±5.10 a	87.04±1.50 a	32.66±0.30 b	10 281.87±271.53 a
	M3	254.89±3.01 b	153.42±0.97 b	391.03±2.36 b	84.70±1.93 b	32.49±0.18 c	9 814.79±448.57 b
	M4	244.53±3.97 c	148.74±2.48 c	363.70±6.91 c	84.09±1.42 b	32.68±0.12 b	8 918.34±198.39 c
	M5	207.24±3.59 d	145.45±1.39 d	301.40±3.58 d	84.56±1.05 b	32.93±0.24 a	7 939.91±404.96 d
	平均 Mean	233.74	148.38	349.33	84.77	32.65	8 988.14
F优498 F you 498	CK	170.00±1.12 d	141.09±0.87 e	239.85±0.87 e	94.85±0.96 a	32.78±0.44 a	7 312.74±161.23 e
	M1	212.60±3.34 a	159.92±2.37 c	339.96±4.76 b	91.64±2.58 b	32.52±0.13 c	9 710.18±303.53 b
	M2	206.87±2.80 ab	170.66±0.58 b	332.34±3.38 b	92.17±3.54 b	32.68±0.12 ab	10 044.00±68.51 b
	M3	201.47±1.85 b	177.74±7.28 a	358.17±17.97 a	91.92±2.67 b	32.81±0.16 a	10 597.5±547.51 a
	M4	193.80±4.33 c	160.11±0.47 c	310.32±7.78 c	93.91±1.26 a	32.57±0.23 bc	8 557.79±297.53 c
	M5	190.22±4.91 c	152.89±2.35 d	290.74±3.11 d	94.14±1.49 a	32.88±0.14 a	8 198.92±236.65 d
	平均 Mean	195.83	158.73	311.90	93.10	32.71	9 070.19
德优4727 Deyou 4727	CK	183.80±1.85 e	123.76±0.63 d	227.47±1.08 e	93.01±0.88 a	36.39±0.56 a	7 665.76±184.96 d
	M1	238.47±12.53 b	126.15±1.31 bc	300.72±12.77 b	90.31±0.90 b	35.74±0.17 b	9 575.18±564.13 a
	M2	252.87±3.01 a	128.50±2.00 b	324.90±1.30 a	91.98±1.77 ab	36.35±0.40 a	9 651.80±432.80 a
	M3	244.89±1.02 b	134.25±2.66 a	328.74±5.35 a	92.16±1.75 ab	36.25±0.10 a	9 840.83±318.92 a
	M4	222.22±7.13 c	128.95±3.00 b	286.43±4.08 c	91.58±1.98 ab	36.25±0.25 a	9 080.31±117.69 b
	M5	211.00±10.08 d	124.98±0.24 cd	263.69±12.19 d	91.3±1.29 ab	36.31±0.12 a	8 663.95±202.72 c
	平均 Mean	225.54	127.77	288.66	91.72	36.21	9 079.64
F值 F value	D	595.96^**	1529.01^**	325.12^**	58.04^**	3145.65^**	0.196
	M	286.80^**	115.16^**	450.68^**	2.73	10.82^**	114.62**
	D×M	20.71^**	19.25^**	24.45^**	1.61	1.47	4.08**

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicles/（10⁴·hm^-2）	每穗粒数 Grain No. per panicle	总颖花数 Total spikelets/（10⁶·hm^-2）	结实率 Seed setting rate/%	千粒重 1 000-grain weight/g	稻谷产量 Grain yield/（kg·hm^-2）
宜香优1108 Yixiangyou 1108	CK	183.00±1.54 f	123.57±0.89 e	225.65±3.56 e	87.16±1.05 a	33.00±0.20 c	7 143.29±23.57 e
	M1	242.33±6.68 a	144.28±0.77 b	349.76±8.05 b	87.31±1.23 a	33.20±0.33 b	10 043.24±129.19 b
	M2	234.67±4.16 b	154.73±3.05 a	363.12±10.42 a	87.68±3.39 a	33.49±0.34 b	10 599.10±299.22 a
	M3	228.67±4.47 c	150.30±3.86 a	344.31±14.02 b	88.33±2.71 a	33.91±0.09 a	9 994.86±18.30 b
	M4	223.33±1.76 d	138.32±1.81 c	308.93±6.47 c	87.86±2.22 a	33.88±0.48 a	8 992.78±103.80 c
	M5	215.67±2.13 e	129.02±4.24 d	277.97±6.43 d	86.74±3.33 a	33.37±0.48 bc	7 789.02±178.19 d
	平均 Mean	221.28	140.04	311.62	87.51	33.64	9 093.71
F优498 F you 498	CK	170.67±1.08 e	144.49±1.29 d	246.60±1.47 d	85.05±0.72 c	32.66±0.25 c	7 231.91±103.48 e
	M1	214.22±2.14 a	164.98±0.75 b	353.41±3.47 a	87.44±2.52 b	32.77±0.99 bc	9 821.49±213.14 b
	M2	210.56±1.65 ab	168.64±1.94 b	354.89±1.31 a	88.76±0.37 ab	32.96±0.38 bc	10 028.94±323.45 b
	M3	209.11±1.68 b	174.83±1.73 a	365.18±1.63 a	90.44±1.95 a	33.29±0.41 ab	10 542.17±354.90 a
	M4	196.89±0.39 c	160.24±3.60 c	315.50±7.04 b	91.06±1.60 a	33.79±0.33 a	8 909.92±270.04 c
	M5	193.22±1.34 d	143.97±5.45 d	278.28±12.43 c	89.43±1.67 a	33.18±0.66 b	7 500.84±140.65 d
	平均 Mean	199.11	159.52	318.98	88.7	33.11	9 005.88
德优4727 Deyou 4727	CK	189.00±2.13 e	119.42±2.00 c	225.30±3.55 e	89.07±0.98 c	35.58±0.37 c	7 597.09±76.05 e
	M1	226.67±2.00 b	126.95±6.59 b	287.58±18.07 c	89.66±0.86 bc	36.75±0.87 b	9 655.36±555.04 b
	M2	232.00±3.53 ab	131.79±8.65 b	305.95±24.85 b	89.67±4.53 bc	37.37±0.38 a	9 833.08±131.59 b
	M3	235.00±1.57 a	137.24±8.74 a	322.14±17.92 a	91.41±2.48 ab	37.39±0.75 a	10 238.41±157.98 a
	M4	217.33±6.62 c	120.48±5.13 c	261.47±3.77 d	91.94±1.43 ab	37.45±0.27 a	8 889.21±266.37 c
	M5	193.33±6.43 d	118.10±7.86 c	228.30±16.50 e	93.33±1.46 a	36.79±0.43 b	8 204.08±51.03 d
	平均 Mean	215.56	125.66	271.80	87.16	36.89	9 069.54
F值 F value	D	481.35^**	112.20^**	52.59^**	3.67	182.44^**	0.52
	M	248.89^**	87.94^**	236.49^**	2.71^**	11.21^**	310.16**
	D×M	7.50^**	7.88^**	6.26^**	1.39	2.52^*	5.91**