杨树幼龄林复合经营系统小气候特征研究

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0503

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了解杨农复合经营系统小气候变化规律，为林下作物的合理选择与栽培提供重要依据，以江苏省淮安市白马湖农场3年生、株行距为6 m×6 m的南林3804杨（Populus deltoides ‘Nanlin 3804’）幼龄林与萝卜（Raphanus sativus）的复合经营系统为研究对象，调查林内不同位点的光照强度、空气相对湿度、土壤温度等指标的日动态变化。结果表明，杨树林内光照强度比林外下降71.0%左右；9月白天林内平均光照强度为6 500 lx，难以达到阳性植物的光饱和点，但能达到阴性植物的光饱和点。林内光照强度、气温、空气相对湿度和地表温度的日变化幅度较大，5 cm深土壤温度和土壤湿度的日变化幅度较小；林内不同位点（距离杨树树行0、2、3和4 m）之间的小气候差异不显著，表明现有的杨树林内小气候在水平位置上已趋于均质化。林内光照强度、气温、空气相对湿度和地表温度等指标之间的相关性较强，而5 cm深土壤温度和土壤湿度与其他小气候指标之间的相关性较弱。综上可知，在杨树有叶期，现有的杨树林内光照强度较弱，难以满足阳性植物要求，但可以满足阴性植物要求，所以在种植林下植物时，须选择耐阴植物；如要提高林内光照强度，需采取间伐和修枝等措施。研究结果为进一步了解林农复合生态系统的小气候特征、指导林农复合经营可持续发展提供理论依据。

关键词: 杨树, 林农复合, 小气候, 光照强度, 气温

Abstract:

In order to understand the microclimate variation of the poplar agroforestry， and provide important basis for the rational selection and cultivation of understory crops，the 3-year-old poplar （Populus deltoides ‘Nanlin 3804’） plantation with the spacing of 6 m × 6 m， and the understory radish （Raphanus sativus） in Baimahu farm， Huai’an City， Jiangsu province， China were selected as the study materials in the agroforestry system. The dynamic changes of light intensity， air relative humidity， soil temperature and other indexes at different sites of the agroforestry system were investigated. The results showed that the light intensity inside the poplar plantation was about 71.0% lower than that outside the plantation； the average daytime light intensity in the plantation was about 6 500 lx in September， which was difficult to satisfy the light saturation point of the sunny plants， but it could satisfy the light saturation point of the shade plants. The daily variation of light intensity， air temperature， air relative humidity and surface temperature in the plantation changed considerably， while the daily variation of soil temperature and soil humidity at 5 cm depth was relatively small. There were insignificant differences in microclimate between different sites （0， 2， 3 and 4 m away from poplar） in the plantation， which indicated that the microclimate in the study poplar plantation had tended to be homogenized in the horizontal layer. The correlation among light intensity， air temperature， air relative humidity， and surface temperature in the plantation was relatively strong， while the correlation among soil temperature and humidity at 5 cm soil depth， and other microclimate indexes was relatively weak. It was considered that in the leafy stage of poplar， the light intensity in the plantation was weak， which was difficult to satisfy the requirements of sunny plants， but it could satisfy the requirements of shade plants. Therefore， shade-tolerant plants must be selected as understory crops； thinning and pruning were necessary for improving the light intensity in the agroforestry system. Above results provided a theoretical basis for further understanding the microclimate characteristics of agroforestry ecosystems and guiding the sustainable development of agroforestry.

Key words: poplar, agroforestry, microclimate, light intensity, air temperature

中图分类号:

S716.3

张硕, 方云, 吕治顺, 唐罗忠. 杨树幼龄林复合经营系统小气候特征研究[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2025, 27(10): 223-230.

Shuo ZHANG, Yun FANG, Zhishun LYU, Luozhong TANG. Study on Microclimate Characteristics of Young-aged Poplar Agroforestry[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(10): 223-230.

图/表 9

图1 林下小气候测定位置注：★—杨树位置；○—小气候测定位置。

Fig. 1 Investigation site of microclimate in plantationNote：★—Site of poplar trees； ○—Investigation site of microclimate.

图2 林内不同位点的光照强度注：-表示不同位点之间在P<0.05水平差异不显著。

Fig. 2 Light intensity in different sites of plantationNote：- indicates no significant differences between different sites at P<0.05 level.

图3 林内不同位点的气温注：-表示不同位点之间在P<0.05水平差异不显著。

Fig. 3 Temperature in different sites of plantationNote：- indicates no significant difference between different sites at P<0.05 level.

图4 林内不同位点空气相对湿度注：-表示不同位点之间在P<0.05水平差异不显著；*表示不同位点之间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 4 Air relative humidity in different sites of plantationNote：- indicates no significant difference between different sites at P<0.05 level；* indicates significant difference between different sites at P<0.05 level.

图5 林内不同位点地表温度注：-表示不同位点之间在P<0.05水平差异不显著。

Fig. 5 Ground temperature in differentsites of plantationNote：- indicates no significant difference between different sites at P<0.05 level.

图6 林内不同位点5 cm深土壤温度注：-表示不同位点之间在P<0.05水平差异不显著。

Fig. 6 Soil temperature at 5 cm depth in different sites of plantationNote：- indicates no significant difference between different sites at P<0.05 level.

图7 林内不同位点5 cm深土壤湿度注：-表示不同位点之间在P<0.05水平差异不显著。

Fig. 7 Soil moisture at 5 cm depth in different sites of plantationNote：- indicates no significant difference between different sites at P<0.05 level.

表1 不同小气候因子的线性相关性分析

Table 1 Linear correlation analysis of different microclimate factors

因子 Factor	光照强度 Light intensity	气温 Air temperature	空气相对湿度 Air relative humidity	地表温度 Ground temperature	5 cm深土壤温度 Soil temperature at 5 cm depth
气温 Air temperature	0.666^*
空气相对湿度 Air relative humidity	-0.869^**	-0.838^**
地表温度 Ground temperature	0.772^**	0.962^**	-0.900^**
5 cm深土壤温度 Soil temperature at 5 cm depth	0.035	0.657^*	-0.240	0.485^*
5 cm深土壤湿度 Soil moisture at 5 cm depth	-0.239	0.062	0.078	0.054	0.163

图8 林外光照强度与林内光照强度注：*表示林内与林外之间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 8 Light intensity at outside plantation and inside plantationNote：* indicates significant difference between outside plantation and inside plantation at P<0.05 level.

参考文献 34

[1]	ATANGANA A, CHANG S, KHASA D, et al.. Tropical Agroforestry [M]. New York: Springer, 2014:151-172.
[2]	VRAHNAKIS M, NASIAKOU S, KAZOGLOU Y,et al..A conceptual business model for an agroforestry consulting company [J]. Agrofor. Syst., 2016, 90(2):219-236.
[3]	李岩泉,何春霞.我国农林复合系统自然资源利用率研究进展[J].林业科学,2014,50(8):141-145.
	LI Y Q, HE C X. Research progress of natural resource utilization in agroforestry system in China [J]. Sci. Silvae Sin.,2014, 50(8): 141-145.
[4]	SÁNCHEZ I A, LASSALETTA L, MCCOLLIN D, et al.. The effect of hedgerow loss on microclimate in the Mediterranean Region:an investigation in central Spain [J]. Agrofor. Syst., 2010, 78(1):13-25.
[5]	李亚男,许雪飞,许中旗,等.抚育间伐对燕山北部山地林内小气候的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2015,35(11):121-127.
	LI Y N, XU X F, XU Z Q, et al.. Effects of thinning on forest microclimate in northern region of Yanshan mountain [J]. J.Cent. South Univ. For. Technol., 2015, 35(11):121-127.
[6]	毛东雷, 蔡富艳, 赵枫, 等. 新疆和田吉亚乡新开垦地防护林小气候空间差异[J]. 干旱区研究, 2018, 35(4): 821-829.
	MAO D L, CAI F Y, ZHAO F, et al.. Spatial difference of microclimate in shelterbelts in newly reclaimed land in Jiya town, Hotan city, Xinjiang [J]. Arid Zone Res., 2018, 35(4): 821-829.
[7]	SILVA-PANDO F J, GONZÁLEZ-HERNÁNDEZ M P, ROZADOS-LORENZO M J.Pasture production in a silvopastoral system in relation with microclimate variables in the Atlantic coast of Spain [J]. Agrofor. Syst., 2002, 56(3):203-211.
[8]	PENG X, THEVATHASAN N V, GORDON A M, et al.. Photosynthetic response of soybean to microclimate in 26-year-old tree-based intercropping systems in southern Ontario,Canada [J/OL]. PLoS One, 2015, 10(6):e0129467 [2024-05-22]. .
[9]	吴发启,刘秉正.黄土高原流域农林复合配置[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2003:73-81.
[10]	王来, 高鹏翔, 刘滨, 等. 农林复合对近地面微气候环境的影响[J]. 干旱地区农业研究, 2017, 35(5): 21-25.
	WANG L, GAO P X, LIU B, et al.. Effect of agroforestry on microclimate environment (near land surface) [J]. Agric. Res. Arid Areas, 2017, 35(5):21-25.
[11]	张劲松,孟平,宋兆民,等.我国平原农区复合农林业小气候效应研究概述[J].中国农业气象,2004,25(3):52-55, 62.
	ZHANG J S, MENG P, SONG Z M, et al.. An overview on micro-climatic effects of agro-forestry systems in plain agricultural areas in China [J]. Chin. J. Agrometeorol., 2004, 25(3):52-55, 62.
[12]	YANG T, OUYANG X Y, WANG B, et al.. Understanding the effects of tree-crop intercropping systems on crop production in China by combining field experiments with a meta-analysis [J/OL]. Agric. Syst., 2023,210:103705 [2024-05-22]. .
[13]	江苏省白马湖农场志编纂委员会. 白马湖农场志(1959—2009)[R]. 2009: 10-15.
[14]	王颖, 袁玉欣, 魏红侠, 等. 杨粮间作系统小气候研究[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2001, 9(3): 40-42.
	WANG Y, YUAN Y X, WEI H X, et al.. A study on microclimate under poplar-crop intercropping systems [J]. Chin. J. Eco-Agric., 2001, 9(3):40-42.
[15]	袁玉欣,贾渝彬,邵吉祥,等.杨粮间作系统小气候水平分布特征研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2002,10(3):21-23.
	YUAN Y X, JIA Y B, SHAO J X, et al.. A study on distribution law of microclimate factors in poplar-crop intercropping system [J]. Chin. J. Eco-Agric., 2002, 10(3):21-23.
[16]	袁玉欣,王颖,裴保华,等.杨粮间作系统中林木遮荫作用研究[J].林业科学,2002,38(1):36-43.
	YUAN Y X, WANG Y, PEI B H, et al.. The study on shading effect under poplar-crop intercropping system [J]. Sci. Silvae Sin., 2002, 38(1): 36-43.
[17]	盛海燕,李伟成.延胡索光合与生长可塑性对光照的响应[J].生态科学,2018,37(6):168-174.
	SHENG H Y, LI W C. Responses of photosynthesis and growth plasticity of Corydalis yanhusuo to light [J]. Ecol. Sci., 2018, 37(6):168-174.
[18]	黄天忠, 曹国璠, 赵明书, 等. 不同种植模式对油茶林地小气候和土壤养分含量的影响[J]. 南方农业学报, 2019, 50(11): 2512-2518.
	HUANG T Z, CAO G F, ZHAO M S, et al.. Effects of different planting patterns on microclimate indicators and soil nutrient contents in Camellia oleifera forest [J]. J. South Agric., 2019, 50(11): 2512-2518.
[19]	许华森,毕华兴,高路博,等.晋西黄土区苹果+大豆间作系统小气候及其对作物生产力的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2014,12(2):9-15.
	XU H S, BI H X, GAO L B, et al.. Microclimate and its effects on crop productivity in the Malus pumila and Glycine max intercropping systems on the Loess Plateau of West Shanxi province [J]. Sci. Soil Water Conserv., 2014,12(2):9-15.
[20]	蔡智才,毕华兴,许华森,等.晋西黄土区苹果花生间作系统小气候效应[J].干旱地区农业研究,2018,36(2):234-241.
	CAI Z C, BI H X, XU H S, et al.. The microclimate effect of Malus pumila and Arachis hypogaea intercropping system in the Loess Plateau of West Shanxi province [J]. Agric. Res. Arid Areas, 2018,36(2):234-241.
[21]	姜会飞.农业气象学[M].北京:科学出版社,2008:41-44.
[22]	王倩,刘美伶,宗桦.夏季林盘对周围环境微气象的影响研究[J].生态科学,2021,40(4):139-148.
	WANG Q, LIU M L, ZONG H. Micrometeorology influence of Linpan on its adjacent environment in summer [J]. Ecol. Sci., 2021, 40(4):139-148.
[23]	BOUTTIER L, PAQUETTE A, MESSIER C, et al.. Vertical root separation and light interception in a temperate tree-based intercropping system of Eastern Canada [J]. Agrofor. Syst., 2014, 88(4): 693-706.
[24]	LEROY C, SABATIER S, WAHYUNI N S, et al.. Virtual trees and light capture:a method for optimizing agroforestry stand design [J]. Agrofor. Syst., 2009, 77(1):37-47.
[25]	廖文超,毕华兴,高路博,等.苹果-大豆间作系统光照分布及其对作物的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(1):25-29.
	LIAO W C, BI H X, GAO L B, et al.. Light distribution in apple-soybean intercropping and its impact on the crops [J]. J.Northwest For. Univ., 2014, 29(1):25-29.
[26]	米方秋,徐锡增,方升佐,等.杨稻复合系统的胁地因子分析[J].林业科技开发,2008,22(4):56-58.
	MI F Q, XU X Z, FANG S Z, et al.. Analysis on factors influencing rice yield in poplar-crop systems [J]. J. For. Eng., 2008, 22(4):56-58.
[27]	袁玉欣, 魏宏侠, 马荣泽, 等. 杨粮间作系统农作物产量研究[J]. 河北林果研究, 2001, 16(1):7-13.
	YUAN Y X, WEI H X, MA R Z, et al.. The study on crop yield under poplar-crop intercropping system [J]. Hebei J. For. Orchard Res., 2001, 16(1):7-13.
[28]	王颖, 崔建州, 袁玉欣, 等. 农林间作系统林木遮荫及其对产量的影响[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2003, 11(2):107-110.
	WANG Y, CUI J Z, YUAN Y X, et al.. The shading and its effect on crop yield under poplar-crop intercropping system [J]. Chin. J. Eco-Agric., 2003, 11(2):107-110.
[29]	王蒙.林农复合系统生态经济效益分析:以石首市为例[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2013.
	WANG M. Analysis of ecological and economic benefits of agroforestry system-illustrated by the example of Shishou [D]. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2013.
[30]	赵忠宝.徐淮平原农林复合系统小气候效益研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2006.
	ZHAO Z B. The microclimate effects of agroforestry system in Xuhuai plain areas [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Forestry University, 2006.
[31]	吕爱霞.夏津县黄泛沙地复合经营型杨树人工林生态经济效益研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2006.
	LYU A X. Study on ecological and economic benefit of poplar plantation in sandy area of Yellow River in Xiajin [D]. Tai’an: Shandong Agricultural University, 2006.
[32]	蔡智才.晋西黄土区苹果花生间作系统小气候效应研究[D].北京: 北京林业大学,2017.
	CAI Z C. The microclimate effect of apple-peanut intercropping system in the Loess Plateau of West Shanxi province [D]. Beijing: Beijing Forestry University, 2017.
[33]	LATIF ZABD, BLACKBURN G A.The effects of gap size on some microclimate variables during late summer and autumn in a temperate broadleaved deciduous forest [J].Int.J.Biometeorol., 2010, 54(2):119-129.
[34]	张康,黄开栋,赵小军,等.修枝对杨树人工林林内小气候及林下植被的短期效应[J].生态环境学报,2019,28(8):1548-1556.
	ZHANG K, HUANG K D, ZHAO X J, et al.. Effects of pruning on microclimate and understory vegetation in a poplar plantation [J]. Ecol. Environ. Sci., 2019, 28(8):1548-1556.