播种方式对旱地春小麦产量、干物质及水分利用效率的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0718

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为提高新疆旱地春小麦产量及水分利用效率，筛选出适宜的播种方式，采用单因素随机区组试验，设置传统平作（T1）、起垄沟播（T2）、起垄覆膜沟播（T3）3个播种方式，研究不同播种方式下旱地的土壤含水量及春小麦的叶面积指数（leaf area index，LAI）、干物质量、产量，并进一步比较土壤贮水量、耗水量及水分利用效率等。结果表明，在抽穗期之前，T2和T3处理均可显著增加旱地春小麦的LAI和干物质量；在抽穗期之后，T3处理较T2和T1处理更有利于提高旱地春小麦的LAI和干物质量。同时，T3处理可显著提高拔节期土壤0—80 cm土层的含水量和贮水量，分别较T2、T1处理显著提高32.09%、34.64%和38.20%、38.85%；T3处理降低了播种—拔节期土壤耗水量，增加了拔节期—收获期的土壤耗水量，有利于植株中、后期的生长发育。T3处理可提高旱地春小麦的有效穗数、单穗粒数、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和降水利用效率，其中产量最高为2 474.43 kg·hm^-2，较T1、T2处理分别显著增加50.13%和50.47%；水分利用效率和降水利用效率分别显著提高48.99%、51.02%和49.41%、50.15%。综上所述，起垄覆膜沟播有利于小麦增产和水分高效利用，为新疆旱地春小麦蓄水保墒和高产高效提供了理论依据及技术参考。

关键词: 播种方式, 旱地春小麦, 干物质, 产量, 水分利用率

Abstract:

In order to improve the yield and water use efficiency of spring wheat in dryland in Xinjiang， a single factor randomized block experiment design was used to select the appropriate sowing methods. 3 sowing methods were set up including traditional flat planting （T1）， ridge and furrow planting （T2）， ridge and film furrow planting （T3）. Soil water content， leaf area index （LAI）， dry matter and yield of dryland spring wheat under different sowing methods were determined. And soil water storage， water consumption and water use efficiency were calculated. The results showed that， before heading stage， T2 and T3 treatments could significantly promote the increase of LAI and dry matter mass， and after heading stage， T3 treatment was more beneficial to improve LAI and dry matter mass of dryland spring wheat than T2 and T1 treatments. At the same time， T3 treatment could significantly increase soil water content and water storage in 0-80 cm soil layer at jointing stage， which were significantly increased by 32.09%， 34.64% and 38.20%， 38.85%， respectively， compared with T2 and T1 treatments. T3 treatment reduced soil water consumption at sowing-jointing stage， but increased soil water consumption at jointing stage and harvest stage， which was beneficial to plant growth and development at middle and later stages. T3 treatment could increase the effective panicle number， grain number per panicle， grain yield， water use efficiency and precipitation use efficiency of wheat， and the highest yield was 2 474.43 kg·hm^-2， which was significantly increased by 50.13% and 50.47%， and water utilization and precipitation utilization were also significantly increased by 48.99%， 51.02% and 49.41%， 50.15%，compared with T1 and T2 treatments， respectively. Therefore， furrow planting with ridging and film mulching was beneficial to increase wheat yield and efficient water utilization， which could provide theoretical basis and technical reference for water storage and high yield and efficiency of spring wheat in dryland in Xinjiang.

Key words: sowing method, dryland spring wheat, dry matter, yield, water use efficiency

中图分类号:

S512.1+2

房彦飞, 罗晓颖, 唐江华, 孙婷婷, 王鲁振, 唐甜, 徐文修. 播种方式对旱地春小麦产量、干物质及水分利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2024, 26(1): 173-181.

Yanfei FANG, Xiaoying LUO, Jianghua TANG, Tingting SUN, Luzhen WANG, Tian TANG, Wenxiu XU. Effects of Sowing Methods on Yield， Dry Matter and Water Use Efficiency of Spring Wheat in Dryland[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(1): 173-181.

图/表 6

表1 2021年旱地春小麦生育期间降水量 (mm)

Table 1 Precipitation during the dryland spring wheat fertility period in 2021

月份

Month

4月11—30日

April 11^th to 30^th

5月

May

6月

June

7月1—27日

July 1^st to 27^th

全生育期

Growth period

降水量

Precipitation

图1 不同播种方式下旱地春小麦各生育时期0—80 cm土层的土壤含水量注：相同土壤深度不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 1 Soil water contents in 0-80 cm soil layer during dryland spring wheat growth period under different sowing methodsNote： Different lowercase letters of same soil layer indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

图2 不同播种方式下旱地小麦的土壤贮水量和耗水量注：不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 2 Soil water storage and water consumption of dryland wheat under different sowing methodsNote： Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

图3 不同播种方式下旱地小麦的叶面积指数注：同一时期不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 3 Leaf area index of dryland wheat under different sowing methodsNote： Different lowercase letters of same growth period indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

图4 不同播种方式下旱地小麦的干物质积累量注：同一时期不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 4 Dry matter accumulation of dryland wheat under different sowing methodsNote： Different lowercase letters of same growth period indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

表2 不同播种方式下旱地小麦的产量及水分利用

Table 2 Yield and water use of dryland wheat under different sowing methods

处理

Treatment

有效穗数

Number of productive ears/（10⁴·hm^-2）

单穗粒数

Kernels per spike

千粒重

1 000-grainweigh/g

产量

Yield

/（kg·hm^-2）

水分利用效率

Water use efficiency/ （kg·mm^-1·hm^-2）

降水利用效率

Rainfall use efficiency/ （kg·mm^-1·hm^-2）

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