膜下滴灌施肥对片麻岩新生土梨园土壤养分积累与分布的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2025.0141

中国农业科技导报 ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (9): 181-192.DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2025.0141

膜下滴灌施肥对片麻岩新生土梨园土壤养分积累与分布的影响

仝姗姗¹(), 金锋¹, 杨清竹¹, 张瑞芳²^,³, 王鑫鑫², 王红¹^,²^,³()

^1.河北农业大学国家北方山区农业工程技术研究中心，河北保定 071001
^2.河北农业大学河北省山区农业技术创新中心，河北保定 071001
^3.河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院，河北保定 071001

收稿日期:2025-03-02 接受日期:2025-03-25 出版日期:2025-09-15 发布日期:2025-09-24
通讯作者: 王红
作者简介:仝姗姗 E-mail：2309728554@qq.com；
基金资助:
河北省科技攻关项目

Effects of Fertilization by Mulched Drip Irrigation on Soil Nutrient Accumulation and Distribution in Pear Orchards on Gneiss Mountain Slopes

Shanshan TONG¹(), Feng JIN¹, Qingzhu YANG¹, Ruifang ZHANG²^,³, Xinxin WANG², Hong WANG¹^,²^,³()

^1.National Research Center of Agricultural Engineering Technology in Northern Mountainous Areas，Hebei Agricultural University，Hebei Baoding 071001，China
^2.Hebei Mountainous Agricultural Technology Innovation Center，Hebei Agricultural University，Hebei Baoding 071001，China
^3.College of Ressources and Environmental Sciences，Hebei Agricultural University，Hebei Baoding 071001，China

Received:2025-03-02 Accepted:2025-03-25 Online:2025-09-15 Published:2025-09-24
Contact: Hong WANG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为揭示膜下滴灌条件下，片麻岩山坡地新成土梨园土壤养分随施肥年限的垂直分布规律，以整地后8年内未施肥、未种植作物的地块为对照，研究不同膜下滴灌施肥年限（3~8年）下，不同土层（0—20、20—40、40—60 cm）梨园土壤的养分积累与分布。结果表明，施肥年限显著影响梨园土壤养分含量，除pH外，各养分因子均以施肥8年处理最高。与对照相比，膜下滴灌配施有机肥处理显著提高梨园土壤的有机质、阳离子交换量、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量，增幅为6.87%~691.60%；同时，梨园不同土层土壤中的微量元素含量也随施肥年限的延长呈增加趋势，增幅为122.00%~258.00%。随着施肥年限的增加，存在较长施肥年限40—60 cm土层中水解氮、有效磷等含量高于较短施肥年限0—20 cm土层养分含量现象，其中，施肥8年处理的40—60 cm土壤水解性氮和有效磷含量较施肥3年处理0—20 cm土壤分别增加24.3%和31.45%，由此表明，长期施肥驱动养分向深层迁移。土壤各养分含量整体呈现表聚现象，以施肥第5年为养分垂直迁移拐点，此后深层土壤的有效磷、速效钾累积速率加快，表聚系数降低。综上表明，膜下滴灌施肥与有机肥配施可高效提升片麻岩山地梨园全剖面土壤肥力，但长期施用（>5年）将导致速效养分突破淋失风险阈值，因此需结合深根作物调控或优化施肥频次。

关键词: 片麻岩, 新成土, 膜下滴灌, 养分积累与分布

Abstract:

In order to reveal the vertical distribution pattern of soil nutrients in newly formed pear orchards on gneiss slopes under mulched drip irrigation conditions with the number of years of fertilization， the nutrient accumulation and distribution of pear orchard soils in different soil layers （0 to 20， 20 to 40， 40 to 60 cm） under different years （3~8 years） of mulched drip irrigation were studied using plots without fertilizer and crops for 8 years after land preparation as control. The results showed that the years of fertilization significantly affected the soil nutrient content of pear orchards， except for pH， each nutrient factor reached the peak value in the 8 years of fertilization treatment. Compared with the control， mulched drip irrigation with organic fertilizer treatment significantly increased the contents of organic matter， cation exchange， alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen， available phosphorus and available potassium in pear orchard soil by 6.87%~691.60%， respectively. And the micronutrient contents in different soil layers of the pear orchard also showed a trend of increase with the prolongation of the fertilizer application years， with the increase of 122.00%~258.00%. With the increase of fertilization years， the soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen， available phosphorus and other contents in 40 to 60 cm soil layer with longer fertilization years were higher than those in 0 to 20 cm soil layer with shorter fertilization years， such as the soil hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus contents in 40 to 60 cm soil layer with fertilization 8 years increased by 24.3% and 31.45%， compared with those in 0 to 20 cm soil layer with fertilization 3 years， which indicated that long-term fertilization drived the migration of nutrients to the deeper layer. The soil nutrient contents showed the phenomenon of epimerization as a whole， and the fertilization 5 years was the inflection point of vertical migration of nutrients， after which the accumulation rate of available phosphorus and available potassium in the deep soil accelerated， and the coefficient of epimerization decreased. In conclusion， mulched drip irrigation with organic fertilizers could efficiently improve the whole profile soil fertility of pear orchards in gneiss mountains； however， long-term application （>5 years） should lead to available nutrients exceeding the leaching risk threshold， which should be combined with deep-rooted crops to regulate or optimize the frequency of fertilization.

Key words: gneiss, newly formed soil, mulched drip irrigation, nutrient accumulation and distribution

中图分类号:

S365

仝姗姗, 金锋, 杨清竹, 张瑞芳, 王鑫鑫, 王红. 膜下滴灌施肥对片麻岩新生土梨园土壤养分积累与分布的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2025, 27(9): 181-192.

Shanshan TONG, Feng JIN, Qingzhu YANG, Ruifang ZHANG, Xinxin WANG, Hong WANG. Effects of Fertilization by Mulched Drip Irrigation on Soil Nutrient Accumulation and Distribution in Pear Orchards on Gneiss Mountain Slopes[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(9): 181-192.

图/表 8

表1 梨园不同施肥年限土壤垂直分布方差分析

Table 1 Analysis of variance in vertical distribution of soil in pear orchard with different fertilization years

指标 Index	施肥年限 Fertilization year	土壤深度 Soil depth	施肥年限×土壤深度 Fertilization years×soil depth
有机质Organic matter	32.098^***	85.951^***	3.123^**
水解性氮Alkali-hydrolyzable N	19.422^***	31.203^***	2.323^*
有效磷Available P	24.601^***	101.699^***	12.396^***
速效钾Available K	45.374^***	190.960^***	18.455^***
pH	0.268	0.059	0.223
全盐Full salt	21.247^***	17.829^***	6.578^***
阳离子交换量Cation exchange	9.985^***	3.142	2.228^*
交换性钙Exchangeable Ca	8.789^***	10.234^**	5.285^***
交换性镁Exchangeable Mg	18.790^***	18.448^***	1.874
有效硫Available S	77.511^***	37.805^***	50.142^***
有效铁Available Fe	32.541^***	20.059^***	3.186^**
有效锰Available Mn	28.665^***	17.086^***	2.944^**
有效铜Available Cu	20.937^***	10.827^***	2.747^**
有效锌Available Zn	64.530^***	30.250^***	10.922^***

图1 梨园不同施肥年限下不同土层土壤的理化性质注：不同英文字母表示同一土层不同施肥年限间在P<0.05水平差异显著；不同希腊字母表示相同施肥年限不同土层间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 1 Soil physicochemical properties in different soil layers of pear orchards under different fertilization yearsNote：Different English letters indicate significant differences between different fertilization years in same soil layer at P<0.05 level； different Greece letters indicate significant differences between different soil layers of same fertilization year at P<0.05 level.

图2 梨园不同施肥年限下不同土层土壤的大量元素含量注：不同英文字母表示同一土层不同施肥年限间在P<0.05水平差异显著；不同希腊字母表示相同施肥年限不同土层间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 2 Major elements in different soil layers of pear orchards under different fertilization yearsNote：Different English letters indicate significant differences between different fertilization years in same soil layer at P<0.05 level； different Greece letters indicate significant differences between different soil layers of same fertilization year at P<0.05 level.

图3 梨园不同施肥年限下不同土层土壤的中量元素注：不同英文字母表示同一土层不同施肥年限间在P<0.05水平差异显著；不同希腊字母表示相同施肥年限不同土层间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 3 Medium elements in different soil layers of pear orchards under different fertilizer yearsNote：Different English letters indicate significant differences between different fertilization years in same soil layer at P<0.05 level； different Greece letters indicate significant differences between different soil layers of same fertilization year at P<0.05 level.

图4 梨园不同施肥年限下不同土层土壤的微量元素含量注：不同英文字母表示同一土层不同施肥年限间在P<0.05水平差异显著；不同希腊字母表示相同施肥年限不同土层间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 4 Trace elements contents in different soil layers of pear orchards under different fertilization yearsNote：Different English letters indicate significant differences between different fertilization years in same soil layer at P<0.05 level； different Greece letters indicate significant differences between different soil layers of same fertilization year at P<0.05 level.

图5 梨园土壤养分指标相关性分析注：*和**分别表示P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著相关。AK—土壤速效钾；AP—土壤有效磷；N—土壤水解性氮；SOM—土壤有机质；pH—土壤pH；Ca—交换性钙；Mg—交换性镁；S—有效硫；Fe—有效铁；Mn—有效锰；Cu —有效铜；Zn—有效锌。

Fig. 5 Correlation analysis of soil nutrient indexes in pear orchardsNote： * and ** indicate significant correlation at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels； respectively. AK—Available K； AP—Available P； N—Alkali-hydrolyzable N； SOM—Organic matter； pH—Soil pH； Ca—Exchangeable Ca； Mg—Exchangeable Mg； S—Available S； Fe—Available Fe； Mn—Available Mn； Cu—Available Cu； Zn—Available Zn.

表2 不同施肥年限下梨园不同土层土壤养分等级

Table 2 Soil nutrient grade in different soil layers of pear orchards under different fertilization years

处理 Treatment	土层 Soil layer/cm	等级Grade
处理 Treatment	土层 Soil layer/cm	有机质 Organic matter	水解性氮Alkali-hydrolyzable N	有效磷Available P	速效钾Available K	有效铁Available Fe	有效锰Available Mn	有效铜Available Cu	有效锌Available Zn
CK	0—20	5	5	4	4	3	5	3	3
	20—40	5	5	5	5	3	5	4	3
	40—60	5	5	5	5	3	5	5	4
SF3	0—20	4	4	2	1	1	5	3	1
	20—40	5	5	4	1	3	5	3	3
	40—60	4	5	4	1	2	5	4	3
SF4	0—20	3	3	1	1	1	4	2	1
	20—40	4	5	3	1	2	5	3	1
	40—60	5	5	4	1	2	5	4	3
SF5	0—20	2	3	1	1	1	4	2	1
	20—40	4	5	3	1	2	5	3	2
	40—60	4	5	4	1	2	5	2	3
SF6	0—20	2	3	1	1	1	4	2	1
	20—40	4	4	3	1	1	5	2	1
	40—60	5	4	3	1	1	4	2	1
SF7	0—20	1	2	1	1	1	4	2	1
	20—40	3	3	2	1	1	4	2	1
	40—60	4	4	3	1	1	4	2	1
SF8	0—20	1	2	1	1	1	4	2	1
	20—40	3	3	2	1	1	4	2	1
	40—60	4	4	3	1	1	4	2	1

图6 梨园土壤养分等级评价注：AK—速效钾；AP—有效磷；N—水解氮；SOM—有机质；Fe—有效铁；Mn—有效锰；Cu—有效铜；Zn—有效锌。

Fig. 6 Soil nutrient grade evaluation of pear orchardNote：AK—Available K； AP—Available P； N—Alkali-hydrolyzable N； SOM—Organic matter； Fe—Available Fe； Mn—Available Mn； Cu—Available Cu； Zn—Available Zn.

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膜下滴灌施肥对片麻岩新生土梨园土壤养分积累与分布的影响

Effects of Fertilization by Mulched Drip Irrigation on Soil Nutrient Accumulation and Distribution in Pear Orchards on Gneiss Mountain Slopes

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