








中国农业科技导报 ›› 2023, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (4): 132-146.DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1068
收稿日期:2022-12-07
接受日期:2023-02-13
出版日期:2023-04-01
发布日期:2023-06-26
通讯作者:
李琨,程瑞锋
作者简介:柯昊纯 E-mail:kehaochun@caas.cn
基金资助:
Haochun KE(
), Kun LI(
), Ruifeng CHENG(
)
Received:2022-12-07
Accepted:2023-02-13
Online:2023-04-01
Published:2023-06-26
Contact:
Kun LI,Ruifeng CHENG
摘要:
为了研究营养液紫外LED杀菌(ultraviolet LED nutrient solution sterilization, UV-NSS)模组内紫外辐照分布并优化其关键结构参数,采用Tracepro光学仿真软件对UV-NSS模组进行建模和光线追迹,并以模组管道内径、管壁厚度、管灯距离及灯条内表面双向反射分布函数(bidirectional reflectance distribution function, BRDF)为参数因子,以有效紫外辐照比例(effective UV radiation ratio, EURR)和辐照离散度(irradiance dispersion, ID)为响应值进行响应面法参数优化。结果表明,当UV-NSS模组管道内径28 mm、管壁厚度2 mm、管灯距离4 mm、BRDF为0时,其模型EURR为12.14%,ID为0.320 6,模型中心位置紫外辐照度模拟值与实测值仅相差3.68%,可准确反映模组内辐照分布情况。基于上述模型开展中心复合有界设计,以响应面法拟合EURR和ID的二次回归方程,其决定系数分别为0.962 0和0.967 8,拟合显著(P<0.05)。以EURR最大化、ID最小化为目标,结合响应面法与实际情况确定参数因子的最优组合为管道内径50 mm、管壁厚度3 mm、管灯距离0.6 mm、BRDF为0.55。代入模型后EURR为32.11%,较优化前提升了164.50%;ID为0.317 8,较优化前降低了0.87%。采用该参数制造UV-NSS模组,其紫外辐照度实测值与模拟值仅相差1.73%。
中图分类号:
柯昊纯, 李琨, 程瑞锋. 营养液紫外LED杀菌模组仿真与响应面法优化[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2023, 25(4): 132-146.
Haochun KE, Kun LI, Ruifeng CHENG. Simulation and Optimization on Ultraviolet LED Nutrient Solution Sterilization Module Based on Response Surface Method[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2023, 25(4): 132-146.
图1 UV-NSS模组A:UV-NSS模组正面;B:UV-NSS模组斜侧面。1—UV-LED灯条;2—UV-LED灯珠;3—石英管;4—固定装置
Fig. 1 Pictures of UV-NSS moduleA:Front of UV-NSS module; B:Oblique side of UV-NSS module. 1—UV-LED bar; 2—UV-LED beads; 3—Quartz tube; 4—Fixtures
图3 石英管透过率测定A:UV-LED测量灯板;B:石英管紫外透过率测量装置。1—UV-LED测量灯板;2—与试验用石英管规格相同的半圆形石英片;3—紫外光谱仪的测量探头
Fig. 3 Measurement of transmittance for quartz tubeA:UV-LED measurement board; B:UV transmittance measurement device for quartz tube. 1—UV-LED measurement board; 2—Semicircular quartz plate with the same specifications as quartz tube; 3—Measurement probe of ultraviolet spectrometer
| 指标Index | 遮盖前Before covering | 遮盖后After covering | 透过率Transmittance |
|---|---|---|---|
| 辐照度Irradiance/(μW·cm-2) | 123.5 | 115.7 | 0.937 |
| 133.9 | 125.4 | 0.937 | |
| 144.8 | 136.9 | 0.945 | |
| 157.1 | 146.2 | 0.931 | |
| 194.9 | 175.5 | 0.900 |
表1 石英片遮盖前后紫外辐照度及透过率
Table 1 UV irradiance before and after covering the quartz plate and its transmittance
| 指标Index | 遮盖前Before covering | 遮盖后After covering | 透过率Transmittance |
|---|---|---|---|
| 辐照度Irradiance/(μW·cm-2) | 123.5 | 115.7 | 0.937 |
| 133.9 | 125.4 | 0.937 | |
| 144.8 | 136.9 | 0.945 | |
| 157.1 | 146.2 | 0.931 | |
| 194.9 | 175.5 | 0.900 |
图6 UV-NSS模组模型注:1—UV-LED灯珠模型;2—UV-LED灯条模型;3—石英管模; 4—液体模型。
Fig. 6 UV-NSS module modelNote:1—UV-LED bead model; 2—UV-LED bar model; 3—Quartz tube model; 4—Liquid model.
图8 UV-NSS模组辐照度实测注:1—光谱仪探头受光面;2—探头固定件;3—UV-LED灯条;4—石英管。
Fig. 8 Measurement of UV-NSS module irradianceNote:1—Light-receiving surface of spectrometer probe; 2—Probe fixture; 3—UV-LED bar; 4—Quartz tube.
图9 单侧发光下参考面紫外辐照分布及光谱仪探头受光面对应位置
Fig. 9 Ultraviolet irradiance distribution of the reference surface and the corresponding position of the light-receiving surface of the spectrometer probe under unilateral lighting
| 因子Factor | 编码Coding | 水平Level | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | ||
| 管道内径Inner diameter of tube/mm | A | 24.00 | 30.50 | 37.00 | 43.50 | 50.00 |
| 管壁厚度Thickness of tube wall/mm | B | 0.00 | 0.75 | 1.50 | 2.25 | 3.00 |
| 管灯距离Tube-lamp distance/mm | C | 0.00 | 1.25 | 2.50 | 3.75 | 5.00 |
| 双向反射分布函数BRDF | D | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.75 | 1.00 |
表2 参数因子水平及其编码表
Table 2 Parameter factor level and code
| 因子Factor | 编码Coding | 水平Level | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | ||
| 管道内径Inner diameter of tube/mm | A | 24.00 | 30.50 | 37.00 | 43.50 | 50.00 |
| 管壁厚度Thickness of tube wall/mm | B | 0.00 | 0.75 | 1.50 | 2.25 | 3.00 |
| 管灯距离Tube-lamp distance/mm | C | 0.00 | 1.25 | 2.50 | 3.75 | 5.00 |
| 双向反射分布函数BRDF | D | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.75 | 1.00 |
| 试验序号Number of experiment | 试验设计组合Experiment design combination | 试验结果Experiment result | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | EURR/% | ID | ||
| 1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 18.94 | 0.381 2 | |
| 2 | 1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 24.66 | 0.387 9 | |
| 3 | -1 | 1 | -1 | -1 | 18.60 | 0.303 3 | |
| 4 | 1 | 1 | -1 | -1 | 24.09 | 0.325 7 | |
| 5 | -1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 15.96 | 0.312 4 | |
| 6 | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 21.30 | 0.314 8 | |
| 7 | -1 | 1 | 1 | -1 | 15.30 | 0.272 6 | |
表3 仿真试验设计方案及结果
Table 3 Design scheme and results of simulation experiments
| 试验序号Number of experiment | 试验设计组合Experiment design combination | 试验结果Experiment result | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | EURR/% | ID | ||
| 1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 18.94 | 0.381 2 | |
| 2 | 1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 24.66 | 0.387 9 | |
| 3 | -1 | 1 | -1 | -1 | 18.60 | 0.303 3 | |
| 4 | 1 | 1 | -1 | -1 | 24.09 | 0.325 7 | |
| 5 | -1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 15.96 | 0.312 4 | |
| 6 | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 21.30 | 0.314 8 | |
| 7 | -1 | 1 | 1 | -1 | 15.30 | 0.272 6 | |
| 试验序号Number of experiment | 试验设计组合Experiment design combination | 试验结果Experiment result | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | EURR/% | ID | ||
| 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1 | 20.58 | 0.280 1 | |
| 9 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 1 | 33.20 | 0.342 9 | |
| 10 | 1 | -1 | -1 | 1 | 37.88 | 0.358 5 | |
| 11 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 31.36 | 0.279 5 | |
| 12 | 1 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 35.00 | 0.305 8 | |
| 13 | -1 | -1 | 1 | 1 | 27.40 | 0.303 8 | |
| 14 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 1 | 31.31 | 0.307 9 | |
| 15 | -1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 24.73 | 0.261 8 | |
| 16 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 29.36 | 0.271 5 | |
| 17 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17.43 | 0.274 2 | |
| 18 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29.12 | 0.310 6 | |
| 19 | 0 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 28.01 | 0.357 4 | |
| 20 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 23.18 | 0.263 6 | |
| 21 | 0 | 0 | -2 | 0 | 28.85 | 0.412 3 | |
| 22 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 19.56 | 0.294 9 | |
| 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2 | 17.94 | 0.314 0 | |
| 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 49.78 | 0.298 9 | |
| 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24.61 | 0.304 7 | |
表3 仿真试验设计方案及结果 (续表Continued)
Table 3 Design scheme and results of simulation experimentsxu
| 试验序号Number of experiment | 试验设计组合Experiment design combination | 试验结果Experiment result | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | EURR/% | ID | ||
| 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1 | 20.58 | 0.280 1 | |
| 9 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 1 | 33.20 | 0.342 9 | |
| 10 | 1 | -1 | -1 | 1 | 37.88 | 0.358 5 | |
| 11 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 31.36 | 0.279 5 | |
| 12 | 1 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 35.00 | 0.305 8 | |
| 13 | -1 | -1 | 1 | 1 | 27.40 | 0.303 8 | |
| 14 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 1 | 31.31 | 0.307 9 | |
| 15 | -1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 24.73 | 0.261 8 | |
| 16 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 29.36 | 0.271 5 | |
| 17 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17.43 | 0.274 2 | |
| 18 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29.12 | 0.310 6 | |
| 19 | 0 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 28.01 | 0.357 4 | |
| 20 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 23.18 | 0.263 6 | |
| 21 | 0 | 0 | -2 | 0 | 28.85 | 0.412 3 | |
| 22 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 19.56 | 0.294 9 | |
| 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2 | 17.94 | 0.314 0 | |
| 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 49.78 | 0.298 9 | |
| 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24.61 | 0.304 7 | |
| 来源Source | 和方差Sum of squares | 自由度Degree of freedom | 均方Mean square | F值F value | P值P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型 Model | 1 461.900 0 | 14 | 104.420 0 | 27.710 0 | <0.000 1 |
| A | 160.530 0 | 1 | 160.530 0 | 42.600 0 | <0.000 1 |
| B | 18.890 0 | 1 | 18.890 0 | 5.010 0 | 0.049 1 |
| C | 132.400 0 | 1 | 132.400 0 | 35.130 0 | 0.000 1 |
| D | 994.470 0 | 1 | 994.470 0 | 263.900 0 | <0.000 1 |
| AB | 0.023 3 | 1 | 0.023 3 | 0.006 2 | 0.938 9 |
| AC | 0.008 6 | 1 | 0.008 6 | 0.002 3 | 0.962 9 |
| AD | 1.540 0 | 1 | 1.540 0 | 0.409 7 | 0.536 5 |
| BC | 0.008 6 | 1 | 0.008 6 | 0.002 3 | 0.962 9 |
| BD | 3.110 0 | 1 | 3.110 0 | 0.824 3 | 0.385 3 |
| CD | 8.250 0 | 1 | 8.250 0 | 2.190 0 | 0.169 7 |
| A2 | 3.080 0 | 1 | 3.080 0 | 0.816 6 | 0.387 4 |
| B2 | 0.038 0 | 1 | 0.038 0 | 0.010 1 | 0.922 0 |
| C2 | 0.946 4 | 1 | 0.946 4 | 0.251 2 | 0.627 1 |
| D2 | 50.970 0 | 1 | 50.970 0 | 13.520 0 | 0.004 3 |
| 残差Residual | 37.680 0 | 10 | 3.770 0 | — | — |
| 总和Cor total | 1 499.580 0 | 24 | — | — | — |
表4 以有效紫外辐照比例为考察指标的回归系数检验表
Table 4 Analysis of regression coefficient test of the effective ultraviolet radiation ratio
| 来源Source | 和方差Sum of squares | 自由度Degree of freedom | 均方Mean square | F值F value | P值P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型 Model | 1 461.900 0 | 14 | 104.420 0 | 27.710 0 | <0.000 1 |
| A | 160.530 0 | 1 | 160.530 0 | 42.600 0 | <0.000 1 |
| B | 18.890 0 | 1 | 18.890 0 | 5.010 0 | 0.049 1 |
| C | 132.400 0 | 1 | 132.400 0 | 35.130 0 | 0.000 1 |
| D | 994.470 0 | 1 | 994.470 0 | 263.900 0 | <0.000 1 |
| AB | 0.023 3 | 1 | 0.023 3 | 0.006 2 | 0.938 9 |
| AC | 0.008 6 | 1 | 0.008 6 | 0.002 3 | 0.962 9 |
| AD | 1.540 0 | 1 | 1.540 0 | 0.409 7 | 0.536 5 |
| BC | 0.008 6 | 1 | 0.008 6 | 0.002 3 | 0.962 9 |
| BD | 3.110 0 | 1 | 3.110 0 | 0.824 3 | 0.385 3 |
| CD | 8.250 0 | 1 | 8.250 0 | 2.190 0 | 0.169 7 |
| A2 | 3.080 0 | 1 | 3.080 0 | 0.816 6 | 0.387 4 |
| B2 | 0.038 0 | 1 | 0.038 0 | 0.010 1 | 0.922 0 |
| C2 | 0.946 4 | 1 | 0.946 4 | 0.251 2 | 0.627 1 |
| D2 | 50.970 0 | 1 | 50.970 0 | 13.520 0 | 0.004 3 |
| 残差Residual | 37.680 0 | 10 | 3.770 0 | — | — |
| 总和Cor total | 1 499.580 0 | 24 | — | — | — |
| 来源Source | 和方差Sum of squares | 自由度Degree of freedom | 均方Mean square | F值F value | P值P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型 Model | 0.037 6 | 14 | 0.002 7 | 45.42 | <0.000 1 |
| A | 0.001 2 | 1 | 0.001 2 | 19.77 | 0.001 2 |
| B | 0.014 8 | 1 | 0.014 8 | 250.84 | <0.000 1 |
| C | 0.014 7 | 1 | 0.014 7 | 249.16 | <0.000 1 |
| D | 0.001 3 | 1 | 0.001 3 | 21.95 | 0.000 9 |
| AB | 8.6E-05 | 1 | 8.6E-05 | 1.45 | 0.255 6 |
| AC | 0.000 1 | 1 | 0.000 1 | 2.36 | 0.155 2 |
| AD | 1.74E-05 | 1 | 1.74E-05 | 0.29 | 0.599 1 |
| BC | 0.000 7 | 1 | 0.000 7 | 11.28 | 0.007 3 |
| BD | 2.53E-05 | 1 | 2.53E-05 | 0.43 | 0.528 2 |
| CD | 0.000 4 | 1 | 0.000 4 | 6.18 | 0.032 2 |
| A2 | 0.000 1 | 1 | 0.000 1 | 2.36 | 0.155 7 |
| B2 | 1.16E-05 | 1 | 1.16E-05 | 0.20 | 0.667 9 |
| C2 | 0.001 6 | 1 | 0.001 6 | 26.53 | 0.000 4 |
| D2 | 1.23E-11 | 1 | 1.23E-11 | 2.07E-07 | 0.999 6 |
| 残差Residual | 0.000 6 | 10 | 5.91E-05 | — | — |
| 总和Cor total | 0.038 2 | 24 | — | — | — |
表5 以辐照离散度为考察指标的回归系数检验表
Table 5 Analysis of regression coefficient test of the irradiance dispersion
| 来源Source | 和方差Sum of squares | 自由度Degree of freedom | 均方Mean square | F值F value | P值P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型 Model | 0.037 6 | 14 | 0.002 7 | 45.42 | <0.000 1 |
| A | 0.001 2 | 1 | 0.001 2 | 19.77 | 0.001 2 |
| B | 0.014 8 | 1 | 0.014 8 | 250.84 | <0.000 1 |
| C | 0.014 7 | 1 | 0.014 7 | 249.16 | <0.000 1 |
| D | 0.001 3 | 1 | 0.001 3 | 21.95 | 0.000 9 |
| AB | 8.6E-05 | 1 | 8.6E-05 | 1.45 | 0.255 6 |
| AC | 0.000 1 | 1 | 0.000 1 | 2.36 | 0.155 2 |
| AD | 1.74E-05 | 1 | 1.74E-05 | 0.29 | 0.599 1 |
| BC | 0.000 7 | 1 | 0.000 7 | 11.28 | 0.007 3 |
| BD | 2.53E-05 | 1 | 2.53E-05 | 0.43 | 0.528 2 |
| CD | 0.000 4 | 1 | 0.000 4 | 6.18 | 0.032 2 |
| A2 | 0.000 1 | 1 | 0.000 1 | 2.36 | 0.155 7 |
| B2 | 1.16E-05 | 1 | 1.16E-05 | 0.20 | 0.667 9 |
| C2 | 0.001 6 | 1 | 0.001 6 | 26.53 | 0.000 4 |
| D2 | 1.23E-11 | 1 | 1.23E-11 | 2.07E-07 | 0.999 6 |
| 残差Residual | 0.000 6 | 10 | 5.91E-05 | — | — |
| 总和Cor total | 0.038 2 | 24 | — | — | — |
| 拟合统计指标Fit statistic index | 有效紫外辐照比例EURR | 辐照离散度ID |
|---|---|---|
| 标准差Standard deviation | 1.730 0 | 0.008 5 |
| 均值Mean | 25.930 0 | 0.313 6 |
| 变异系数Coefficient of variation/% | 6.680 0 | 2.710 0 |
| 决定系数R2 | 0.962 0 | 0.967 8 |
| 调整后决定系数Adjusted R2 | 0.952 0 | 0.954 5 |
| 预测拟合度Predicted R2 | 0.885 6 | 0.919 5 |
| 精度值Adequate precision | 37.878 5 | 31.003 3 |
表6 重新拟合后有效紫外辐照比例和辐照离散度的二次回归方程拟合统计指标
Table 6 Fitting statistics of the quadratic regression equation of effective ultraviolet radiation ratio and irradiance dispersion after refitting
| 拟合统计指标Fit statistic index | 有效紫外辐照比例EURR | 辐照离散度ID |
|---|---|---|
| 标准差Standard deviation | 1.730 0 | 0.008 5 |
| 均值Mean | 25.930 0 | 0.313 6 |
| 变异系数Coefficient of variation/% | 6.680 0 | 2.710 0 |
| 决定系数R2 | 0.962 0 | 0.967 8 |
| 调整后决定系数Adjusted R2 | 0.952 0 | 0.954 5 |
| 预测拟合度Predicted R2 | 0.885 6 | 0.919 5 |
| 精度值Adequate precision | 37.878 5 | 31.003 3 |
图11 有效紫外辐照比例和辐照离散度的单因素效应曲线注:A—管道内径;B—管壁厚度;C—管灯距离;D—双向反射分布函数。
Fig. 11 Effect of single factors on effective ultraviolet radiation ratio and irradiance dispersionNote:A—Inner diameter of tube;B—Thickness of tube wall;C—Tube-lamp distance;D—Bidirectional reflectance distribution function.
图12 管壁厚度与管灯距离的交互效应对辐照离散度的响应面图及等高线图
Fig. 12 Response surface for the interaction of tube wall thickness and tube-lamp distance on irradiance dispersion
序号 Number | 管道内径 Inner diameter of tube/mm | 管壁厚度Thickness of tube wall/mm | 管灯距离Tube-lamp distance/mm | 双向反射分布函数 BRDF | 有效紫外辐照比例 EURR/% | 辐照离散度ID | 复合合意度 Composite desirability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 50.00 | 3.000 | 0.556 | 1 | 52.955 9 | 0.284 957 | 0.058 412 8 |
| 2 | 50.00 | 3.000 | 0.009 | 1 | 53.982 4 | 0.305 335 | 0.057 210 2 |
| 3 | 49.42 | 2.268 | 0.000 | 1 | 54.633 0 | 0.341 957 | 0.046 972 4 |
| 4 | 50.00 | 2.951 | 3.828 | 1 | 46.865 1 | 0.263 957 | 0.038 111 3 |
| 5 | 50.00 | 0.043 | 3.988 | 1 | 50.003 4 | 0.333 833 | 0.035 034 1 |
| 6 | 39.83 | 3.000 | 2.557 | 1 | 45.147 4 | 0.240 142 | 0.035 022 2 |
| 7 | 24.09 | 3.000 | 0.000 | 1 | 43.690 6 | 0.277 902 | 0.026 365 7 |
| 8 | 27.54 | 0.000 | 4.026 | 1 | 41.046 3 | 0.310 753 | 0.016 768 1 |
| 9 | 27.95 | 2.882 | 3.944 | 1 | 37.956 7 | 0.244 203 | 0.014 896 7 |
表7 优化后的参数组合及响应面法预测结果
Table 7 Optimized parameter combinations and prediction results of response surface method
序号 Number | 管道内径 Inner diameter of tube/mm | 管壁厚度Thickness of tube wall/mm | 管灯距离Tube-lamp distance/mm | 双向反射分布函数 BRDF | 有效紫外辐照比例 EURR/% | 辐照离散度ID | 复合合意度 Composite desirability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 50.00 | 3.000 | 0.556 | 1 | 52.955 9 | 0.284 957 | 0.058 412 8 |
| 2 | 50.00 | 3.000 | 0.009 | 1 | 53.982 4 | 0.305 335 | 0.057 210 2 |
| 3 | 49.42 | 2.268 | 0.000 | 1 | 54.633 0 | 0.341 957 | 0.046 972 4 |
| 4 | 50.00 | 2.951 | 3.828 | 1 | 46.865 1 | 0.263 957 | 0.038 111 3 |
| 5 | 50.00 | 0.043 | 3.988 | 1 | 50.003 4 | 0.333 833 | 0.035 034 1 |
| 6 | 39.83 | 3.000 | 2.557 | 1 | 45.147 4 | 0.240 142 | 0.035 022 2 |
| 7 | 24.09 | 3.000 | 0.000 | 1 | 43.690 6 | 0.277 902 | 0.026 365 7 |
| 8 | 27.54 | 0.000 | 4.026 | 1 | 41.046 3 | 0.310 753 | 0.016 768 1 |
| 9 | 27.95 | 2.882 | 3.944 | 1 | 37.956 7 | 0.244 203 | 0.014 896 7 |
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