高糖/脂比饲料对黄河鲤生长性能和肌肉脂肪酸品质的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2025.0272

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确黄河鲤饲料中适宜糖/脂添加比例，在满足其对n-3必需脂肪酸（n-3 essential fatty acids， n-3 EFA）基础需求的前提下，采用商品饲料常规配方糖脂比25/7为对照（T0），以豆油与亚麻籽油为混合脂肪源，通过调整碳水化合物与脂肪的添加量，使饲料的糖脂比分别达到40/4（T1）、32/7（T2）和 25/9（T3），分析不同糖脂比对黄河鲤的影响。结果表明，各饲料组黄河鲤的形态学指标（肝体比、脏体比）、全鱼及肌肉粗蛋白、血清胆固醇和丙二醛含量无显著差异，特定生长率、增重率随饲料糖脂比升高而显著升高，T2处理的血清葡萄糖水平和T1处理的胰岛素含量显著高于T0处理，T1处理的肝脏葡萄糖激酶、6-磷酸果糖激酶-1活性显著高于T3处理。黄河鲤血清甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇及肝脏甘油三酯、游离脂肪酸含量随糖脂比的升高而显著降低，在肝脏抗氧化能力方面，T1~T3处理的总抗氧化能力显著高于T0处理。在肌肉脂肪酸组成方面，T1~T3处理黄河鲤肌肉和肝脏二十碳三烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸、n-6 多不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸水平显著高于T0处理，T0和T1处理鱼体肝脏Δ6 fad-β与 elovl5-α表达水平均显著高于T2处理，且T1处理鱼体肝脏Δ6 fad-α显著高于T0处理。以上表明，饲料糖脂比为 40/4（T1）时更适合鱼体肝脏合成高不饱和脂肪酸。综上可知，在饲料必需脂肪酸充足条件下，提高饲料糖脂比可提升高糖脂比饲料的利用率，改善黄河鲤肝脏糖和脂代谢，促进鱼体生长和肌肉脂肪酸品质。

关键词: 黄河鲤, 糖脂比, 生长性能, 糖脂代谢, 高不饱和脂肪酸沉积

Abstract:

To determine the optimal sugar/fat ratio in the diet of Yellow River carp， on the premise of meeting its basic requirements for n-3 essential fatty acids （n-3 EFA）， a commercial feed with a conventional formula （sugar/fat ratio of 25/7） was used as the control group （T0）. Mixed soybean oil and linseed oil served as the fat source， and the sugar/fat ratios of the experimental diets were adjusted to 40/4 （T1）， 32/7 （T2） and 25/9 （T3） by modifying the addition amounts of carbohydrate and fat. The effects of different sugar/fat ratios on Yellow River carp were analyzed. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the morphological indices （hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index）， crude protein content in whole fish and muscle， serum cholesterol content and malondialdehyde content among different dietary groups. However， the specific growth rate and weight gain rate significantly increased with the elevation of dietary sugar/fat ratio. The serum glucose level in T2 treatment and the serum insulin content in T1 treatment were significantly higher than those in T0 treatment. The activities of hepatic glucokinase and 6-phosphofructokinase-1 in T1 treatment were significantly higher than those in T3 treatment. Additionally， the contents of serum triglyceride， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol， as well as hepatic triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acids significantly decreased as the sugar/fat ratio increased. Regarding hepatic antioxidant capacity， the total antioxidant capacity in T1~T3 treatments was significantly higher than that in T0 treatment. In terms of muscle fatty acid composition， the levels of eicosatrienoic acid， docosahexaenoic acid， n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and total polyunsaturated fatty acids in the muscle and liver of Yellow River carp in T1~T3 treatments were significantly higher than those in T0 treatment. The expression levels of Δ6 fad-β and elovl5-α in the liver of Yellow River carp in T0 and T1 treatments were significantly higher than those in T2 treatment， and the hepatic Δ6fad-α expression level in T1 treatment was significantly higher than that in T0 group treatment. These findings indicated that a dietary sugar/fat ratio of 40/4 （T1） was more conducive to the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids in the fish liver. In conclusion， when the essential fatty acid content in the diet was sufficient， the utilization rate of high sugar/fat ratio diets could be improved， which in turn enhanced hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism， promoted the growth of Yellow River carp， and improved the quality of muscle fatty acids.

Key words: Yellow River carp, sugar/fat ratio, growth performance, glycolipid metabolism, highly unsaturated fatty acid （HUFA） deposition

中图分类号:

S963

李新禄, 桑宇航, 黎心怡, 和子杰, 秦超彬, 聂国兴, 李远友, 谢帝芝. 高糖/脂比饲料对黄河鲤生长性能和肌肉脂肪酸品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2025, 27(11): 8-22.

Xinlu LI, Yuhang SANG, Xinyi LI, Zijie HE, Chaobin QIN, Guoxing NIE, Yuanyou LI, Dizhi XIE. High Sugar/fat Ratio Feeds Favor Growth Performance and Muscle Fatty Acid Quality of Yellow River Carp （Cyprinus carpio）[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(11): 8-22.

图/表 9

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成分Ingredient	处理Treatment
成分Ingredient	T0	T1	T2	T3
豆粕 Soybean meal	27.00	20.00	20.00	20.00
国产鱼粉 Domestic fish meal	5.50	2.00	2.00	3.00
猪肉粉 Pork powder	7.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal	15.00	10.00	10.00	10.00
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal	13.00	10.00	9.00	10.00
玉米淀粉 Corn starch	6.00	20.00	11.00	9.00
麦麸 Wheat bran	5.00	15.00	17.00	7.00
混合维生素 Vitamin mixture^＃	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07
混合矿物质 Mineral mixture^※	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11
氯化胆碱 Choline chiorlde	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
磷酸二氢钙 Dicalcium phosphate	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00
豆油 Soybean oil	2.00	1.00	2.00	3.00
亚麻油 Flaxseed oil	3.00	1.50	3.00	4.50
纤维素 Cellulose	13.54	15.87	21.27	28.77
赖氨酸 L-lysine	0.50	1.00	1.10	1.10
蛋氨酸 DL-methionine	0.18	0.35	0.35	0.35
粗蛋白 Crude protein	32.00	22.16	22.03	21.94
粗脂肪 Crude lipid	7.00	4.02	6.57	8.77
亚麻酸/亚油酸 Linoleic acid/linseed acid	1.06	1.06	1.06	1.06
能量 Energy	11.31	13.59	13.21	12.8

成分Ingredient	处理Treatment
成分Ingredient	T0	T1	T2	T3
豆粕 Soybean meal	27.00	20.00	20.00	20.00
国产鱼粉 Domestic fish meal	5.50	2.00	2.00	3.00
猪肉粉 Pork powder	7.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal	15.00	10.00	10.00	10.00
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal	13.00	10.00	9.00	10.00
玉米淀粉 Corn starch	6.00	20.00	11.00	9.00
麦麸 Wheat bran	5.00	15.00	17.00	7.00
混合维生素 Vitamin mixture^＃	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07
混合矿物质 Mineral mixture^※	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11
氯化胆碱 Choline chiorlde	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
磷酸二氢钙 Dicalcium phosphate	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00
豆油 Soybean oil	2.00	1.00	2.00	3.00
亚麻油 Flaxseed oil	3.00	1.50	3.00	4.50
纤维素 Cellulose	13.54	15.87	21.27	28.77
赖氨酸 L-lysine	0.50	1.00	1.10	1.10
蛋氨酸 DL-methionine	0.18	0.35	0.35	0.35
粗蛋白 Crude protein	32.00	22.16	22.03	21.94
粗脂肪 Crude lipid	7.00	4.02	6.57	8.77
亚麻酸/亚油酸 Linoleic acid/linseed acid	1.06	1.06	1.06	1.06
能量 Energy	11.31	13.59	13.21	12.8

基因 Gene	引物 Primer	序列 Sequence（5’-3’）
Fads6-α	Fa S	ATCGGACACCTGAAGGGAGCG
Fads6-α	Fa A	CATGTTGAGCATGTTGACATCCG
Fads6-β	Fb S	GTACCAATGGGAGGTTCGGCAC
Fads6-β	Fb A	GAGTTGAAGGTTTGGATGAAATGCATG
Elovl5-α	Eb S	GTCCTGACCATGTTCCAGACATCTTG
Elovl5-α	Eb A	CTGTAAGCGGACGAGGTGTCGTC
Elovl5-β	Eb S	GTCCTGACCATGTTCCAGACATCTTG
Elovl5-β	Eb A	CATGAAGCTCCTCTACTGCGCTG
β-actin	BS	CGCCCCAGACATCAGGGTG
β-actin	BA	CACAGATCATGTTTGAGACCTTCAACAC

基因 Gene	引物 Primer	序列 Sequence（5’-3’）
Fads6-α	Fa S	ATCGGACACCTGAAGGGAGCG
Fads6-α	Fa A	CATGTTGAGCATGTTGACATCCG
Fads6-β	Fb S	GTACCAATGGGAGGTTCGGCAC
Fads6-β	Fb A	GAGTTGAAGGTTTGGATGAAATGCATG
Elovl5-α	Eb S	GTCCTGACCATGTTCCAGACATCTTG
Elovl5-α	Eb A	CTGTAAGCGGACGAGGTGTCGTC
Elovl5-β	Eb S	GTCCTGACCATGTTCCAGACATCTTG
Elovl5-β	Eb A	CATGAAGCTCCTCTACTGCGCTG
β-actin	BS	CGCCCCAGACATCAGGGTG
β-actin	BA	CACAGATCATGTTTGAGACCTTCAACAC

指标 Index	处理Treatment
指标 Index	T0	T1	T2	T3
初始体质量 Initial body weight/g	98.60±0.02 a	98.62±0.04 a	98.68±0.07 a	98.68±0.03 a
终末体质量 Final body weight/g	267.36±4.49 a	259.52±8.39 ab	233.80±2.41 b	233.61±6.52 b
增重率 WGR/%	171.16±4.50 a	163.15±8.41 ab	136.92±2.28 b	136.74±6.54 b
特定生长率 SGR/（%·d^-1）	1.78±0.03 a	1.73±0.06 ab	1.54±0.02 bc	1.54±0.05 c
饲料系数 FCR	1.41±0.03 c	1.66±0.08 bc	1.97±0.04 ab	1.98±0.10 a
肥满度 CF	2.18±0.05 a	2.20±0.05 a	2.31±0.04 a	2.28±0.05 a
脏体比 VSI/%	7.62±0.73 a	7.85±0.47 a	7.89±0.47 a	7.27±0.53 a
肝体比 HSI/%	1.07±0.04 a	1.22±0.07 a	1.07±0.07 a	1.08±0.06 a
胴体比 Careass ratio/%	60.61±0.66 a	61.16±0.62 a	59.42±0.86 a	60.67±0.81 a